Table 1 Characteristics of sociodemographic and biochemistry in participantsa
From: Exposure to cadmium and lead is associated with diabetic kidney disease in diabetic patients
Variables | In blood (n = 3763) | P | In urine (n = 1604) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes without nephropathy (n = 2272) | Diabetes nephropathy (n = 1491) | Diabetes without nephropathy (n = 981) | Diabetes nephropathy (n = 623) | |||
Age (years) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
< 60 | 1126 (58.3) | 379 (29.7) |  | 488 (58.4) | 158 (29.8) |  |
≥ 60 | 1146 (41.7) | 1112 (70.3) |  | 493 (41.6) | 465 (70.2) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | 0.554 | Â | Â | 0.609 |
Male | 1173 (53.2) | 799 (51.7) | Â | 507 (52.5) | 341 (50.5) | Â |
Female | 1099 (46.8) | 692 (48.3) | Â | 474 (47.5) | 282 (49.5) | Â |
Race/Hispanic | Â | Â | 0.521 | Â | Â | 0.609 |
Non-Hispanic White | 757 (60.3) | 575 (61.4) | Â | 315 (60.4) | 231 (62.1) | Â |
All others | 1515 (39.7) | 916 (38.6) | Â | 666 (39.6) | 392 (37.9) | Â |
Education | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | 0.012 |
≤high school | 1305 (46.8) | 949 (56.6) |  | 569 (47.6) | 403 (56.9) |  |
>high school | 963 (53.2) | 539 (43.4) | Â | 411 (52.4) | 218 (43.1) | Â |
PIR | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | 0.002 |
< 1 | 475 (15.4) | 363 (20.1) |  | 196 (14.5) | 164 (22.4) |  |
≥ 1 | 1569 (84.6) | 976 (79.9) |  | 680 (85.5) | 393 (77.6) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | 0.429 | Â | Â | 0.975 |
< 30 | 948 (38.8) | 591 (36.9) |  | 391 (38.0) | 253 (38.1) |  |
≥ 30 | 1287 (61.8) | 850 (63.1) |  | 576 (62.0) | 352 (61.9) |  |
Physical activity |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
Not meeting PA Guidelines | 1201 (50.0) | 949 (62.7) | Â | 501 (47.1) | 394 (62.1) | Â |
Meeting PA Guidelines | 1065 (50.0) | 536 (37.3) | Â | 477 (52.9) | 223 (37.9) | Â |
Smoking status | Â | Â | 0.047 | Â | Â | 0.044 |
Non-smoker | 1730 (76.5) | 1192 (81.0) | Â | 727 (76.1) | 479 (82.5) | Â |
Smoker | 488 (23.5) | 282 (19.0) | Â | 202 (23.9) | 114 (17.5) | Â |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | 0.020 | Â | Â | 0.010 |
Non-drinker | 1930 (93.4) | 1298 (93.4) | Â | 826 (89.5) | 539 (94.9) | Â |
Drinker | 182 (10.1) | 79 (6.6) | Â | 84 (10.5) | 29 (5.1) | Â |
Fish eaten | Â | Â | 0.940 | Â | Â | 0.230 |
Not eating fish | 549 (25.0) | 361 (24.5) | Â | 223 (23.5) | 158 (26.7) | Â |
Eating fish | 1565 (74.7) | 1018 (73.9) | Â | 688 (76.3) | 410 (71.0) | Â |
Hypertension |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 865 (41.2) | 308 (22.2) | Â | 382 (41.4) | 126 (23.6) | Â |
Yes | 1368 (58.8) | 1167 (77.8) | Â | 589 (58.6) | 490 (76.4) | Â |
Pb (ug/dL) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.64) | 1.38 (0.93, 2.10) | 0.055 | 0.40 (0.23, 0.70) | 0.37 (0.25, 0.66) | 0.475 |
Cd (ug/L) | 0.30 (0.18, 0.51) | 0.37 (0.22, 0.61) | 0.066 | 0.25 (0.14, 0.46) | 0.30 (0.16, 0.54) | 0.130 |