Associations of residential green space with internalizing and externalizing behavior in early childhood

Table 5 Effect modification of associations between green space and CBCL scores by COI socioeconomic subscale

COI socioeconomic subscale percentile ^a	NDVI ^b β (95% CI)	Tree Cover ^b β (95% CI)	Park proximity ^b β (95% CI)
Internalizing score
25th p.	-0.84 (-1.76, 0.08)	-0.30 (-0.76, 0.17)	-0.20 (-0.72, 0.32)
50th p.	-0.63 (-1.19, -0.08)	-0.29 (-0.62, 0.03)	-0.13 (-0.44, 0.19)
75th p.	-0.40 (-1.04, 0.24)	-0.29 (-0.66, 0.08)	-0.04 (-0.27, 0.19)
Interaction p-value	0.46	0.98	0.56
Externalizing score
25th p.	-0.63 (-1.51, 0.25)	-0.34 (-0.83, 0.15)	-0.29 (-0.87, 0.30)
50th p.	-0.32 (-0.93, 0.30)	-0.34 (-0.72, 0.04)	-0.14 (-0.50, 0.22)
75th p.	0.04 (-0.73, 0.81)	-0.35 (-0.83, 0.14)	0.02 (-0.26, 0.30)
Interaction p-value	0.25	0.98	0.31
Attention problems
25th p.	-0.11 (-0.31, 0.09)	-0.05 (-0.19, 0.08)	-0.03 (-0.18, 0.12)
50th p.	-0.06 (-0.23, 0.11)	-0.06 (-0.17, 0.04)	0.00 (-0.10, 0.09)
75th p.	0.00 (-0.23, 0.24)	-0.07 (-0.20, 0.06)	0.02 (-0.06, 0.11)
Interaction p-value	0.40	0.86	0.50

^a Effect modification was assessed by including a multiplicative interaction term between green space and the COI socioeconomic scale in the model. A higher value in the neighborhood scale indicates more socioeconomic opportunity. P-values shown are for the interaction term. Models were adjusted for child sex, child age at outcome assessment, maternal education, household income adjusted for household size, maternal race, socioeconomic COI scale and education COI opportunity, urbanicity, residential stability, maternal IQ, maternal depression, PRQ attachment score, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and preterm birth
^b Differences in CBCL scores (95% confidence intervals) are shown for a 0.1 unit higher NDVI, 10% higher tree cover, and living 500 m closer to a park, at the 25th percentile, 50th percentile, and 75th percentile of the COI socioeconomic scale

ISSN: 1476-069X