Table 1 Baseline characteristics of mortality cases, showing mean ± SD or N (%). Deaths that occurred in block groups

Age (years)

75.96 (14.68)

72.55 (15.69%)

Sex

 Male

4,322,095 (48.65%)

93,776 (49.44%)

 Female

4,562,367 (51.35%)

95,906 (50.56%)

 Unknown

271 (0.00%)

5 (0.00%)

Race

 White

7,615,811 (85.72%)

101,892 (53.72%)

 Black

917,202 (10.32%)

73,568 (38.78%)

 Other

319,191 (3.59%)

13,604 (7.17%)

 Unknown

32,529 (0.37%)

623 (0.33%)

Education level

 Less than high school

1,964,879 (22.12%)

63,522 (33.49%)

 High school

3,656,272 (41.15%)

76,351 (40.25%)

 More than high school

2,888,161 (32.51%)

39,646 (20.90%)

 Unknown

375,421 (4.23%)

10,168 (5.36%)

Reporting state

 California (2009–2016)

1,771,689 (19.94%)

48,406 (25.52%)

 Florida (2007–2016)

1,583,311 (17.82%)

11,576 (6.10%)

 Georgia (2007–2009)

179,105 (2.02%)

1,688 (0.89%)

 Illinois (2008–2016)

848,851 (9.55%)

39,819 (20.99%)

 Indiana (2007–2008)

97,459 (1.10%)

3,715 (1.96%)

 Kansas (2007–2009)

62,279 (0.70%)

1,439 (0.76%)

 Massachusetts (2000–2015)

778,304 (8.76%)

23,398 (12.34%)

 Michigan (2007–2013)

546,603 (6.15%)

15,707 (8.28%)

 Missouri (2010–2016)

354,958 (4.00%)

6,378 (3.36%)

 New Hampshire (2007–2016)

85,521 (0.96%)

283 (0.15%)

 New Jersey (2004–2009)

349,596 (3.93%)

14,175 (7.47%)

 Ohio (2007–2013)

679,135 (7.64%)

9,701 (5.11%)

 Texas (2007–2016)

1,547,922 (17.42%)

13,402 (7.07%)

HOLC grade (> 90% block group pop.)

 A (“Best”)

29,605 (0.33%)

N/A

 B (“Still Desirable”)

117,492 (1.32%)

N/A

 C (“Definitely Declining”)

378,468 (4.26%)

N/A

 D (“Hazardous”, i.e. redlined)

189,687 (2.13%)

189,687 (100%)

 E (Unknown)

53 (0.00%)

N/A

 Ambiguous

675,266 (7.60%)

N/A

 Unclassified

7,437,289 (84.35%)

N/A

  BG outside of HOLC areas

7,380,316 (99.23%)

N/A