Association between maternal blood or cord blood metal concentrations and catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: an analysis by the Japan environment and children’s study

Table 6 Odds ratios for blood metal concentrations in relation to catch-up growth failure

Participants	Metal	Height SDS < −2 at 2 years of age	Height SDS < −2 at 3 years of age	Height SDS < −2 at 4 years of age
		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
N = 278	Mn	0.87 (0.35, 2.18)	1.03 (0.38, 2.82)	0.88 (0.29, 2.71)
	Pb	1.50 (0.72, 3.11)	1.49 (0.67, 3.32)	1.19 (0.52, 2.74)
	Se	1.00 (0.13, 7.64)	0.87 (0.10, 7.88)	0.65 (0.06, 7.12)
	Hg	0.81 (0.49, 1.37)	0.88 (0.50, 1.54)	0.81 (0.44, 1.47)
	Cd	1.74 (0.81, 3.74)	2.35 (1.02, 5.43)	2.60 (1.06, 6.40)

Note: Models were adjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, alcohol consumption and smoking status, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, income, and education
Log2-transformed metal concentrations were used for the models
Cd: Cadmium; Hg: Mercury; Mn: Manganese; Pb: Lead; Se: Selenium; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; SGA: Small for gestational age; SDS: Standard deviation score

ISSN: 1476-069X