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Fig. 1 | Environmental Health

Fig. 1

From: Early childhood exposure to environmental phenols and parabens, phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, and trace elements in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the CHARGE study

Fig. 1

Volcano plots of covariate-adjusted CRs and unadjusted p-values of SG-corrected, ln-transformed, and standardized urinary chemical concentrations in association with ABC ADHD/noncompliance subscale and two subdomain scores among 549 CHARGE children. Red dots represent chemicals with an unadjusted p < 0.05 and an FDR-corrected p < 0.10, orange dots represent chemicals with an unadjusted p < 0.05, and blue dots represent chemicals with a 0.05 < unadjusted p < 0.10. Negative binomial regression models were adjusted for CHARGE case-control study frequency matching factors (child’s sex, age at assessment, and recruitment regional center), child’s birth year and race/ethnicity, parity, parental education, maternal metabolic conditions, and diagnosis. ABC, Aberrant Behavior Checklist; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BUPB, butyl paraben; CHARGE, Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment; CR, count ratio; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; DHB34, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid; FDR, false discovery rate; MCINP, mono-carboxy isononyl phthalate; MNBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; SG, specific gravity

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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X