Early childhood exposure to environmental phenols and parabens, phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, and trace elements in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the CHARGE study

Table 3 Summary table of associations between single chemical or mixtures and ADHD/noncompliance subscale and two subdomain scores among all children and children with ASD

Outcome	Chemical class	All (n = 549)		ASD (n = 225)
Outcome	Chemical class	Each chemical ^a	Mixture ^b	Mixture ^b
ADHD/ noncompliance subscale	Phenols/ parabens	DHB34 (−) Triclosan (−)
	Phthalate metabolites		∑DEHP (+) MHPP (+)	∑DEHP (+) MHPP (+) MNBP (+)
	Total mixture			DHB34 (+) BUPB (+) OHMEP (+) ∑DEHP (+) MBZP (+) MHPP (+) MNBP (+) Cd (+)
Hyperactivity/impulsivity subdomain	Phenols/ parabens	DHB34 (−)
	Phthalate metabolites	∑DEHP (+)	∑DEHP (+) MHPP (+) MNBP (+)	∑DEHP (+) MHPP (+) MBZP (+) MNBP (+)
	Total mixture			DHB34 (+) ∑DEHP (+) MBZP (+) MHPP (+) MNBP (+) Cd (+)
Inattention subdomain	Phenols/ parabens	Triclosan (−)
Inattention subdomain	Phthalate metabolites			MHPP (+) MIBP (+) MNBP (+)

Full chemical names are listed in Table S2
ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ASD Autism spectrum disorder, CR Count ratio, FDR False discovery rate
^aAssociations with significant associations are presented. Item in bold indicates significance even after FDR correction. (+) represents increased CR and (−) represents decreased CR
^bPossible contributors of mixtures that have significant associations with outcomes are presented. (+) represents increased CR and (−) represents decreased CR

ISSN: 1476-069X