Fig. 1

Associations between prenatal OH-PAH metabolites and asthma phenotypes at age 8–9 and wheezing phenotypes in childhood. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with a twofold increase in individual OH-PAH metabolite were determined by logistic regression (asthma outcomes) and multinomial regression (wheezing trajectories). Minimally adjusted models included child age at assessment, child sex, study site, and urinary specific gravity. Fully adjusted models additionally included the interaction between SG and cohort, maternal age, education at enrollment, race, and ethnicity; season of birth; inflation-adjusted household income interacted with household size, neighborhood deprivation index, prenatal smoke exposure, postnatal smoke exposure, maternal history of asthma, and firstborn status. Abbreviations: 1-NAP – 1-hydroxynaphthalene; 2-NAP – 2-hydroxynaphthalene; 2-PHEN – 2-hydroxyphenanthrene; 3-PHEN – 3-hydroxyphenanthrene; 1/9-PHEN – combined 1- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene