Fig. 2

Effect modification by child sex in the association between airway outcomes and OH-PAHs, represented by adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with twofold increase in individual OH-PAH. Strata-specific results were derived from interaction models; p-values are for the interaction term between child sex and OH-PAH concentrations. Models were adjusted for child age and sex; study site; the interaction between urinary SG and cohort; maternal age, education at enrollment, race, and ethnicity; season of birth; inflation-adjusted household income interacted with household size, neighborhood deprivation index, prenatal smoke exposure, postnatal smoke exposure, maternal history of asthma, and firstborn status. Abbreviations: 1-NAP – 1-hydroxynaphthalene; 2-NAP – 2-hydroxynaphthalene; 2-PHEN – 2-hydroxyphenanthrene; 3-PHEN – 3-hydroxyphenanthrene; 1/9-PHEN – combined 1- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene