Adverse consequence | Context | Economic cost ($billions) | % GDP | % of Global GDP |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asthma | U.S. [57] | 2.33 [0.728–2.5] | 0.02 [0.006–0.021] | <0.01 |
EU [82] | 1.70 [0.568–1.98] | 0.01 [0.003–0.012] | <0.01 | |
EU city children [97] | 0.151 [0.03–0.3]a | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Preterm birth | U.S. [98] | 4.3 [2.06–8.22] | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Cardiovascular | EU [99] | 37.24 [24.47–49.83]a | 0.22 [0.14–0.29] | 0.06 |
All health impacts | OECD countries [100] | 500 [300–1250] | 1.2 [0.7–2.8] | 0.8 [0.5–2] |
China [100] | 483 [300–1200] | 8 [5–20] | 0.8 [0.5–2] | |
India [100] | 120 [74–300] | 7 [4–17] | 0.2 [0.1–5] | |
Sum (OECD, China, India) | 1100 [700–2760] | 2.2 [1.3–5.4] | 1.8 [1.1–4.4] | |
World (WHO) [52] | 1177 [736–2942] | 1.9 [1.1–4.6] | 1.9 [1.1–4.6] | |
World (GBD) [3] | 1083 [677–2709] | 1.7 [1.1–4.3] | 1.7 [1.1–4.3] |