|
Adverse consequence
|
Context
|
Economic cost ($billions)
|
% GDP
|
% of Global GDP
|
|---|
|
Asthma
|
U.S. [57]
|
2.33 [0.728–2.5]
|
0.02 [0.006–0.021]
|
<0.01
|
|
EU [82]
|
1.70 [0.568–1.98]
|
0.01 [0.003–0.012]
|
<0.01
|
|
EU city children [97]
|
0.151 [0.03–0.3]a
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
|
Preterm birth
|
U.S. [98]
|
4.3 [2.06–8.22]
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
|
Cardiovascular
|
EU [99]
|
37.24 [24.47–49.83]a
|
0.22 [0.14–0.29]
|
0.06
|
|
All health impacts
|
OECD countries [100]
|
500 [300–1250]
|
1.2 [0.7–2.8]
|
0.8 [0.5–2]
|
|
China [100]
|
483 [300–1200]
|
8 [5–20]
|
0.8 [0.5–2]
|
|
India [100]
|
120 [74–300]
|
7 [4–17]
|
0.2 [0.1–5]
|
|
Sum (OECD, China, India)
|
1100 [700–2760]
|
2.2 [1.3–5.4]
|
1.8 [1.1–4.4]
|
|
World (WHO) [52]
|
1177 [736–2942]
|
1.9 [1.1–4.6]
|
1.9 [1.1–4.6]
|
|
World (GBD) [3]
|
1083 [677–2709]
|
1.7 [1.1–4.3]
|
1.7 [1.1–4.3]
|
- Base case estimates are presented along with range [low/high end estimates] from sensitivity analysis or 95 CIa. All estimates are given in $2010, a 1.33 rate change € /$ is used, and for estimates prior to 2010, inflated adjustments are made. OECD estimates are based on DALYs reported for OECD countries (High Income Countries, HICs), China (Upper Middle Income Country, UMIC), & India (Lower Middle Income Country, LMIC). Our estimates of DALYs for OECD, WHO and GBD are based on Value of Life Year (VOLY) [50] adjusted to $2010 PPP and for inflation and then adjusted per income group levels from World Bank GNI per capita in $ppp2010. For consistency we valued OECD DALY estimates based on VOLY instead of using Value of Statistical Life Year (VSL) for mortality costs (additional 10% for morbidity included) as reported in OECD [100]
