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Correction: Modification of the PM2.5- and extreme heat-mortality relationships by historical redlining: A case-crossover study in thirteen U.S. states

The Original Article was published on 07 February 2024

Correction: Environ Health 23, 16 (2024)

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01055-5


Following publication of [1], errors were found in the code used to prepare the cohort for a case-crossover analysis and the resulting data that was used for the analysis. Despite these errors, results were only marginally effected and all conclusions remain the same. A few typos were also found in the manuscript. A table of all affected texts is shown below.

Section

Lines

Text

Abstract

48-51

Individuals who lived in redlined areas had an interaction odds ratio for mortality of 1.0093 1.0104 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0084 1.0095, 1.0101 1.0114) for each 10 µg m-3 increase in same-day ambient PM2.5 compared to individuals who did not live in redlined areas. For extreme heat, the interaction odds ratio was 1.0218 1.0146 (95% CI 1.0031 1.0039, 1.0408 1.0457).

Methods

159-161

To derive measures of extreme heat, we first calculated various percentiles of minimum temperature in each block group in each year. For our main analysis, we considered the 95 th 90 th percentile.

Methods

163-165

In other words, if the minimum temperature on a certain day met or exceeded the 95 th 90 th percentile of minimum temperature in that block group in that year, then that day was marked as an extreme heat day.

Results

229-237

We obtained 11,115,380 11,076,020 mortality records from the twelve thirteen state departments of public health. From these records, we sequentially excluded 466,874 453,754 deaths involving external causes; 139,908 133,348 deaths involving individuals younger than 18 years old; 196,558 deaths with geocodes that were missing or coarser than block group-level; 331 deaths involving individuals whose home locations were outside of the state that reported their death; 1,392,423 1,372,743 deaths before January 5th, 2001 or after December 31st, 2016 and 537 deaths whose home block groups had a population of zero according to the preceding Decennial Census (for which 4-day moving averages of population-weighted PM2.5 could not be calculated); and 34,016 deaths with lag days from 0 to 4 that included December 31st on leap years (for which Daymet predictions are not available; Figure 3)

Results

272-278

We found a significant interaction with exposure to any extreme heat (interaction odds ratio 1.0218 1.0246; 95% CI 1.0031 1.0039, 1.0408 1.0457) while we did not observe significant interactions for singleton heat events or when looking at length-specific exposures. In absolute terms, this amounts to a 2.157% 2.434% (95% CI 0.307% 0.386%, 4.036% 4.521%) increase in the daily risk of death death from non-external causes by exposure to any extreme heat in historically-redlined neighborhoods compared to other neighborhoods. The highest overall effects were observed for exposure to any extreme heat, followed by 3, 1 2, and 2 1 consecutive days of extreme heat, respectively.

Results

283-287

We found a significant interaction with same-day ambient PM2.5 (interaction odds ratio for each 10 µg/m-3 increase: 1.0093 1.0104; 95% CI 1.0084 1.0095, 1.0101 1.0114) while we did not observe interactions for different moving averages of ambient PM2.5. In absolute terms, this amounts to a 0.930% 1.029% (95% CI 0.831% 0.940%, 1.000% 1.128%) increase in the daily risk of death from non-external causes for each 10 µg/m-3 increase in ambient PM2.5 in historically-redlined neighborhoods compared to other neighborhoods.

Results

295-296

However, for PM2.5, we did observe that the interaction with same-day ambient PM2.5 was not significant for a population cutoffs of 50% and 99%.

Results

302-305

We also observed that the 85th and 95th percentile cutoffs of minimum temperature had higher interactions than the 90th percentile cutoff on earlier days, with the 85th percentile being the highest for any exposure or the 1 st day of extreme heat and the 99th percentile being the highest for any exposure or the 1st or 2 nd days of extreme heat.

Firstly, 39,360 deaths from the raw data were duplicated (0.36% of total deaths), resulting in an erroneous Fig. 1 and numbers in the accompanying paragraph. However, the total number of deaths used for the analysis remained the same, though this was misreported in the original Fig. 1 (884,733 deaths rather than 8,884,733). A few percentages were also incorrect. The corrected Fig. 1 is shown below next to the original Fig. 1, followed by a table of changes in the text.

figure a

Original and corrected Fig. 1 with changed bolded.

Additionally, code that was meant to restrict control days only to those occurring in the same month of the case was not run, resulting in a mean of 7.91 controls for each case (SD: 0.57). After corrections, this was reduced to a mean of 3.38 controls per case (SD: 0.49). Unlike the previous error, this slightly altered the results, though only marginally. The corrected text, figures, and coefficient tables are presented below alongside what was originally reported. Old and new results are differentiated by different shades in the figures and changes in significance are noted in bold in the tables.

figure b

Original and corrected Fig. 4 combined.

figure c

Original and corrected Fig. 5 combined.

figure d

Original and corrected Fig. 6 combined.

figure e

Original and corrected Fig. 7 combined.

figure f

Original and corrected Fig. 8 combined.

figure g

Original and corrected Fig. 9 combined. The plots for “Whole population” originally showed results from the sensitivity analysis of 99% population cutoff for HOLC apportionment rather than the main analysis of 90%. As a result, the confidence intervals for the new results are smaller.

figure h

Original and corrected Fig. 10 combined.

figure i

Original and corrected Fig. 11 combined.

figure j

Original and corrected Fig. 12 combined.

figure k

Original and corrected Fig. 13 combined.

figure l

Original and corrected Fig. 14 combined.

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement A.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Population cutoff for apportionment = 50%

Any day

1.013

1.0098

1.0161

 < 0.05

1.0125

1.0090

1.0161

< 0.05

1st day

1.011

1.0062

1.0149

 < 0.05

1.0093

1.0046

1.0139

< 0.05

2nd day

1.008

1.0025

1.0130

 < 0.05

1.0091

1.0035

1.0148

< 0.05

3rd day

1.013

1.0064

1.0194

 < 0.05

1.0139

1.0070

1.0210

< 0.05

Population cutoff for apportionment = 90%

Any day

1.013

1.0100

1.0164

 < 0.05

1.0128

1.0093

1.0163

< 0.05

1st day

1.011

1.0065

1.0151

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0049

1.0142

< 0.05

2nd day

1.008

1.0028

1.0133

 < 0.05

1.0091

1.0035

1.0148

< 0.05

3rd day

1.013

1.0070

1.0199

 < 0.05

1.0146

1.0076

1.0215

< 0.05

Population cutoff for apportionment = 99%

Any day

1.013

1.0101

1.0164

 < 0.05

1.0128

1.0093

1.0163

< 0.05

1st day

1.011

1.0064

1.0150

 < 0.05

1.0095

1.0048

1.0141

< 0.05

2nd day

1.008

1.0028

1.0133

 < 0.05

1.0092

1.0035

1.0148

< 0.05

3rd day

1.014

1.0071

1.0200

 < 0.05

1.0146

1.0077

1.0216

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement A.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Population cutoff for apportionment = 50%

Any day

1.0211

1.0059

1.0364

 < 0.05

1.0232

1.0064

1.0402

< 0.05

1st day

1.0096

0.9867

1.0332

0.41

1.0155

0.9906

1.0411

0.23

2nd day

1.0206

0.9923

1.0496

0.16

1.0108

0.9808

1.0417

0.49

3rd day

1.0273

0.9926

1.0633

0.13

1.0247

0.9874

1.0634

0.20

Population cutoff for apportionment = 90%

Any day

1.0218

1.0031

1.0408

 < 0.05

1.0246

1.0039

1.0457

< 0.05

1st day

1.0056

0.9773

1.0346

0.70

1.0100

0.9794

1.0415

0.53

2nd day

1.0195

0.9846

1.0557

0.28

1.0171

0.9797

1.0559

0.37

3rd day

1.0155

0.9731

1.0597

0.48

1.0094

0.9641

1.0568

0.69

Population cutoff for apportionment = 99%

Any day

1.0222

1.0021

1.0428

 < 0.05

1.0259

1.0036

1.0487

< 0.05

1st day

1.0098

0.9793

1.0413

0.53

1.0168

0.9836

1.0510

0.32

2nd day

1.0208

0.9832

1.0599

0.28

1.0174

0.9772

1.0593

0.40

3rd day

1.0119

0.9664

1.0596

0.61

1.0061

0.9575

1.0572

0.81

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement B.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Exposure

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Population cutoff for apportionment = 50%

Lag 0

1.0084

1.0082

1.0085

 < 0.05

1.0081

1.0079

1.0083

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0102

1.0100

1.0103

 < 0.05

1.0104

1.0102

1.0106

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0091

1.0089

1.0093

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0094

1.0098

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0078

1.0076

1.0080

 < 0.05

1.0083

1.0081

1.0085

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0084

1.0082

1.0085

 < 0.05

1.0074

1.0072

1.0077

< 0.05

Population cutoff for apportionment = 90%

Lag 0

1.0083

1.0082

1.0085

 < 0.05

1.0080

1.0078

1.0082

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0101

1.0100

1.0103

 < 0.05

1.0103

1.0101

1.0105

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0090

1.0088

1.0092

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0093

1.0098

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0077

1.0075

1.0079

 < 0.05

1.0082

1.0080

1.0084

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0070

1.0068

1.0072

 < 0.05

1.0073

1.0071

1.0076

< 0.05

Population cutoff for apportionment = 99%

Lag 0

1.0084

1.0082

1.0085

 < 0.05

1.0081

1.0079

1.0082

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0101

1.0100

1.0103

 < 0.05

1.0103

1.0101

1.0105

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0090

1.0088

1.0092

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0094

1.0098

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0077

1.0075

1.0079

 < 0.05

1.0082

1.0080

1.0084

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0070

1.0068

1.0072

 < 0.05

1.0074

1.0071

1.0076

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement B.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Exposure

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Population cutoff for apportionment = 50%

Lag 0

1.0051

1.0044

1.0058

0.15

1.0049

1.0042

1.0057

0.2

Lags 0–1

1.0035

1.0027

1.0043

0.38

1.0028

1.0019

1.0037

0.52

Lags 0–2

1.0028

1.0020

1.0037

0.52

1.0034

1.0024

1.0044

0.48

Lags 0–3

1.0022

1.0012

1.0031

0.65

1.0031

1.0020

1.0041

0.57

Lags 0–4

1.0021

1.0011

1.0032

0.68

1.0024

1.0012

1.0035

0.69

Population cutoff for apportionment = 90%

Lag 0

1.0093

1.0084

1.0101

 < 0.05

1.0104

1.0095

1.0114

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0069

1.0059

1.0078

0.15

1.0073

1.0063

1.0084

0.17

Lags 0–2

1.0061

1.0051

1.0072

0.26

1.0083

1.0071

1.0095

0.16

Lags 0–3

1.0057

1.0045

1.0069

0.34

1.0078

1.0065

1.0091

0.23

Lags 0–4

1.0064

1.0051

1.0076

0.32

1.0078

1.0064

1.0092

0.27

Population cutoff for apportionment = 99%

Lag 0

1.0088

1.0079

1.0098

0.05

1.0100

1.0090

1.0110

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0075

1.0065

1.0085

0.15

1.0082

1.0071

1.0093

0.15

Lags 0–2

1.0068

1.0056

1.0079

0.24

1.0091

1.0078

1.0103

0.15

Lags 0–3

1.0068

1.0056

1.0081

0.28

1.0087

1.0073

1.0100

0.22

Lags 0–4

1.0069

1.0055

1.0082

0.32

1.0077

1.0062

1.0092

0.32

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement C.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Minimum temperature cutoff for extreme heat = 85th percentile

Any day

1.0109

1.0080

1.0138

 < 0.05

1.0117

1.0084

1.0149

< 0.05

1st day

1.0069

1.0030

1.0109

 < 0.05

1.0080

1.0037

1.0122

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0124

1.0077

1.0171

 < 0.05

1.0135

1.0085

1.0186

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0079

1.0024

1.0133

 < 0.05

1.0086

1.0028

1.0145

< 0.05

Minimum temperature cutoff for extreme heat = 90th percentile

Any day

1.0132

1.0100

1.0164

 < 0.05

1.0128

1.0093

1.0163

< 0.05

1st day

1.0108

1.0065

1.0151

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0049

1.0142

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0080

1.0028

1.0133

 < 0.05

1.0091

1.0035

1.0148

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0134

1.0070

1.0199

 < 0.05

1.0146

1.0076

1.0215

< 0.05

Minimum temperature cutoff for extreme heat = 99th percentile

Any day

1.0217

1.0143

1.0292

 < 0.05

1.0211

1.0130

1.0293

< 0.05

1st day

1.0181

1.0092

1.0271

 < 0.05

1.0176

1.0080

1.0273

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0227

1.0081

1.0376

 < 0.05

1.0193

1.0036

1.0353

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0501

1.0238

1.0771

 < 0.05

1.0623

1.0336

1.0917

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement C.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Minimum temperature cutoff for extreme heat = 85th percentile

Any day

1.0279

1.0109

1.045

 < 0.05

1.0302

1.0110

1.0497

< 0.05

1st day

1.0340

1.0074

1.061

 < 0.05

1.0378

1.0090

1.0674

< 0.05

2nd day

0.9972

0.9665

1.029

0.86

1.0001

0.9670

1.0344

1.00

3rd day

1.0142

0.9779

1.052

0.45

1.0052

0.9666

1.0454

0.79

Minimum temperature cutoff for extreme heat = 90th percentile

Any day

1.0218

1.0031

1.041

 < 0.05

1.0246

1.0039

1.0457

< 0.05

1st day

1.0056

0.9773

1.035

0.70

1.0100

0.9794

1.0415

0.53

2nd day

1.0195

0.9846

1.056

0.28

1.0171

0.9797

1.0559

0.37

3rd day

1.0155

0.9731

1.060

0.48

1.0094

0.9641

1.0568

0.69

Minimum temperature cutoff for extreme heat = 99th percentile

Any day

1.0266

0.9793

1.076

0.28

1.0350

0.9836

1.0892

0.19

1st day

1.0368

0.9793

1.098

0.21

1.0344

0.9727

1.1001

0.28

2nd day

1.0021

0.9081

1.106

0.97

1.0553

0.9482

1.1746

0.32

3rd day

1.0034

0.8419

1.196

0.97

0.9774

0.8095

1.1802

0.81

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement D.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Whole population

Any day

1.0132

1.0100

1.0164

 < 0.05

1.0128

1.0093

1.0163

< 0.05

1st day

1.0108

1.0065

1.0151

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0049

1.0142

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0080

1.0028

1.0133

 < 0.05

1.0091

1.0035

1.0148

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0134

1.0070

1.0199

 < 0.05

1.0146

1.0076

1.0215

< 0.05

Black individuals

Any day

1.0058

0.9956

1.0160

0.27

1.0052

0.9939

1.0165

0.37

1st day

1.0008

0.9872

1.0146

0.91

0.9984

0.9839

1.0132

0.83

2nd day

0.9975

0.9810

1.0141

0.76

0.9971

0.9794

1.0150

0.75

3rd day

1.0191

0.9988

1.0399

0.07

1.0209

0.9989

1.0433

0.06

 > 50% Black neighborhoods

Any day

1.0067

0.9936

1.0201

0.32

1.0011

0.9865

1.0159

0.88

1st day

1.0086

0.9913

1.0261

0.33

1.0010

0.9826

1.0198

0.91

2nd day

1.0007

0.9801

1.0218

0.94

0.9969

0.9748

1.0195

0.78

3rd day

1.0133

0.9877

1.0395

0.31

1.0142

0.9867

1.0425

0.32

White individuals

Any day

1.0141

1.0107

1.0175

 < 0.05

1.0139

1.0101

1.0177

< 0.05

1st day

1.0127

1.0080

1.0173

 < 0.05

1.0118

1.0068

1.0168

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0089

1.0033

1.0145

 < 0.05

1.0099

1.0038

1.0159

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0110

1.0041

1.0180

 < 0.05

1.0123

1.0048

1.0198

< 0.05

 > 50% White neighborhoods

Any day

1.0128

1.0093

1.0162

 < 0.05

1.0125

1.0086

1.0163

< 0.05

1st day

1.0118

1.0071

1.0164

 < 0.05

1.0110

1.0060

1.0161

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0060

1.0003

1.0116

 < 0.05

1.0070

1.0009

1.0131

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0139

1.0069

1.0209

 < 0.05

1.0148

1.0073

1.0224

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement D.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Whole population

Any day

1.0218

1.0031

1.0408

 < 0.05

1.0246

1.0039

1.0457

< 0.05

1st day

1.0056

0.9773

1.0346

0.70

1.0100

0.9794

1.0415

0.53

2nd day

1.0195

0.9846

1.0557

0.28

1.0171

0.9797

1.0559

0.37

3rd day

1.0155

0.9731

1.0597

0.48

1.0094

0.9641

1.0568

0.69

Black individuals

Any day

1.0043

0.9739

1.0356

0.79

1.0190

0.9850

1.0542

0.28

1st day

0.9977

0.9516

1.0460

0.92

1.0128

0.9624

1.0659

0.62

2nd day

1.0561

0.9978

1.1178

0.06

1.0625

0.9995

1.1295

0.05

3rd day

1.0099

0.9417

1.0830

0.78

1.0029

0.9304

1.0811

0.94

 > 50% Black neighborhoods

Any day

1.0017

0.9685

1.0361

0.92

1.0193

0.9819

1.0580

0.32

1st day

0.9707

0.9216

1.0223

0.26

0.9962

0.9420

1.0537

0.9

2nd day

1.0399

0.9775

1.1062

0.22

1.0393

0.9724

1.1107

0.26

3rd day

1.0272

0.9520

1.1084

0.49

1.0236

0.9433

1.1108

0.58

White individuals

Any day

1.0403

1.0146

1.0667

 < 0.05

1.0373

1.0090

1.0665

< 0.05

1st day

1.0262

0.9874

1.0666

0.19

1.0225

0.9808

1.0660

0.29

2nd day

0.9954

0.9487

1.0443

0.85

0.9894

0.9397

1.0418

0.69

3rd day

1.0327

0.9745

1.0944

0.28

1.0266

0.9643

1.0930

0.41

 > 50% White neighborhoods

Any day

1.0383

1.0079

1.0695

 < 0.05

1.0296

1.0038

1.0560

< 0.05

1st day

1.0359

0.9903

1.0836

0.12

1.0269

0.9890

1.0662

0.17

2nd day

1.0064

0.9516

1.0645

0.82

1.0051

0.9599

1.0524

0.83

3rd day

1.0259

0.9585

1.0980

0.46

1.0499

0.9927

1.1104

0.09

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement E.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Whole population

Lag 0

1.0083

1.0082

1.0085

 < 0.05

1.0080

1.0078

1.0082

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0101

1.0100

1.0103

 < 0.05

1.0103

1.0101

1.0105

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0090

1.0088

1.0092

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0093

1.0098

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0077

1.0075

1.0079

 < 0.05

1.0082

1.0080

1.0084

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0070

1.0068

1.0072

 < 0.05

1.0073

1.0071

1.0076

< 0.05

Black individuals

Lag 0

1.0117

1.0112

1.0121

 < 0.05

1.0105

1.0100

1.0110

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0130

1.0124

1.0135

 < 0.05

1.0125

1.0120

1.0131

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0130

1.0124

1.0136

 < 0.05

1.0139

1.0132

1.0145

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0128

1.0122

1.0134

 < 0.05

1.0145

1.0138

1.0152

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0127

1.0121

1.0134

 < 0.05

1.0152

1.0145

1.0160

< 0.05

 > 50% Black neighborhoods

Lag 0

1.0065

1.0059

1.0071

 < 0.05

1.0067

1.0060

1.0073

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0060

1.0053

1.0066

0.08

1.0072

1.0065

1.0079

0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0061

1.0053

1.0068

0.10

1.0092

1.0084

1.0100

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0039

1.0031

1.0047

0.34

1.0081

1.0072

1.0090

0.07

Lags 0–4

1.0019

1.0011

1.0028

0.66

1.0076

1.0067

1.0086

0.12

White individuals

Lag 0

1.0081

1.0079

1.0082

 < 0.05

1.0080

1.0078

1.0081

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0100

1.0098

1.0101

 < 0.05

1.0104

1.0102

1.0106

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0086

1.0084

1.0088

 < 0.05

1.0093

1.0091

1.0096

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0071

1.0069

1.0073

 < 0.05

1.0078

1.0076

1.0081

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0063

1.0061

1.0066

 < 0.05

1.0069

1.0067

1.0072

< 0.05

 > 50% White neighborhoods

Lag 0

1.0079

1.0077

1.0081

 < 0.05

1.0083

1.0082

1.0085

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0098

1.0096

1.0100

 < 0.05

1.0108

1.0106

1.0110

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0082

1.0080

1.0084

 < 0.05

1.0096

1.0094

1.0098

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0067

1.0065

1.0069

 < 0.05

1.0081

1.0078

1.0083

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0058

1.0056

1.0061

 < 0.05

1.0072

1.0070

1.0075

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement E.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Whole population

Lag 0

1.0093

1.0084

1.0101

 < 0.05

1.0104

1.0095

1.0114

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0069

1.0059

1.0078

0.15

1.0073

1.0063

1.0084

0.17

Lags 0–2

1.0061

1.0051

1.0072

0.26

1.0083

1.0071

1.0095

0.16

Lags 0–3

1.0057

1.0045

1.0069

0.34

1.0078

1.0065

1.0091

0.23

Lags 0–4

1.0064

1.0051

1.0076

0.32

1.0078

1.0064

1.0092

0.27

Black individuals

Lag 0

1.0020

1.0006

1.0034

0.78

1.0074

1.0059

1.0090

0.34

Lags 0–1

1.0004

0.9988

1.0020

0.96

1.0053

1.0036

1.0071

0.55

Lags 0–2

1.0024

1.0006

1.0042

0.79

1.0093

1.0073

1.0113

0.35

Lags 0–3

1.0028

1.0008

1.0047

0.78

1.0091

1.0069

1.0113

0.41

Lags 0–4

1.0041

1.0020

1.0063

0.70

1.0086

1.0063

1.0110

0.47

 > 50% Black neighborhoods

Lag 0

1.0099

1.0084

1.0114

0.20

1.0164

1.0147

1.0180

0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0108

1.0091

1.0126

0.22

1.0191

1.0172

1.0210

0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0084

1.0064

1.0103

0.40

1.0212

1.0190

1.0234

0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0081

1.0060

1.0103

0.46

1.0226

1.0202

1.0250

0.06

Lags 0–4

1.0093

1.0069

1.0116

0.44

1.0230

1.0204

1.0257

0.08

White individuals

Lag 0

1.0115

1.0103

1.0126

 < 0.05

1.0117

1.0104

1.0129

0.07

Lags 0–1

1.0106

1.0093

1.0119

0.11

1.0099

1.0084

1.0113

0.17

Lags 0–2

1.0080

1.0066

1.0094

0.27

1.0083

1.0067

1.0099

0.30

Lags 0–3

1.0065

1.0049

1.0081

0.42

1.0064

1.0047

1.0081

0.47

Lags 0–4

1.0065

1.0048

1.0082

0.46

1.0069

1.0050

1.0088

0.47

 > 50% White neighborhoods

Lag 0

1.0049

1.0035

1.0063

0.48

1.0069

1.0054

1.0084

0.37

Lags 0–1

1.0021

1.0006

1.0037

0.79

1.0017

1.0000

1.0034

0.85

Lags 0–2

1.0007

0.9990

1.0025

0.94

0.9996

0.9977

1.0016

0.97

Lags 0–3

0.9989

0.9970

1.0009

0.91

0.9968

0.9947

0.9990

0.77

Lags 0–4

0.9963

0.9942

0.9984

0.73

0.9951

0.9928

0.9975

0.68

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement F.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

California

Any day

1.0150

1.0087

1.0214

 < 0.05

1.2317

1.2232

1.2403

< 0.05

1st day

1.0166

1.0069

1.0264

 < 0.05

1.2076

1.1952

1.2202

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0024

0.9906

1.0142

0.69

1.0891

1.0753

1.1030

0.19

3rd day

1.0117

0.9973

1.0262

0.11

1.1726

1.1547

1.1908

< 0.05

Florida

Any day

1.0042

0.9956

1.0129

0.34

1.0208

1.0111

1.0306

0.67

1st day

1.0066

0.9968

1.0164

0.19

1.0338

1.0231

1.0447

0.53

2nd day

0.9954

0.9833

1.0077

0.46

0.9616

0.9490

0.9744

0.56

3rd day

1.0053

0.9898

1.0210

0.51

1.0157

0.9989

1.0328

0.85

Georgia

Any day

0.9935

0.9658

1.0219

0.65

0.9617

0.9319

0.9924

0.81

1st day

0.9909

0.9589

1.0239

0.58

0.9385

0.9056

0.9726

0.73

2nd day

1.0154

0.9767

1.0557

0.44

1.3822

1.3251

1.4418

0.13

3rd day

0.9768

0.9333

1.0224

0.31

0.7916

0.7537

0.8314

0.35

Illinois

Any day

0.9945

0.9805

1.0087

0.45

0.9659

0.9511

0.9809

0.66

1st day

1.0089

0.9944

1.0235

0.23

1.1091

1.0921

1.1264

0.19

2nd day

0.9912

0.9740

1.0087

0.32

0.9506

0.9329

0.9685

0.60

3rd day

1.0148

0.9933

1.0368

0.18

1.1250

1.0996

1.1511

0.31

Indiana

Any day

0.9819

0.9385

1.0273

0.43

0.6862

0.6534

0.7207

0.13

1st day

1.0208

0.9802

1.0631

0.32

1.0518

1.0066

1.0991

0.82

2nd day

1.0022

0.9552

1.0515

0.93

0.8497

0.8069

0.8948

0.54

3rd day

0.9960

0.9364

1.0594

0.90

1.0909

1.0211

1.1655

0.80

Kansas

Any day

1.0164

0.9618

1.0741

0.56

1.2327

1.1602

1.3096

0.50

1st day

0.9920

0.9349

1.0525

0.79

0.8290

0.7780

0.8835

0.56

2nd day

0.9833

0.9118

1.0604

0.66

0.8378

0.7723

0.9088

0.67

3rd day

0.9584

0.8742

1.0508

0.37

0.7700

0.6972

0.8503

0.61

Massachusetts

Any day

1.0090

0.9933

1.0249

0.26

1.0228

1.0055

1.0404

0.80

1st day

1.0293

1.0141

1.0447

 < 0.05

1.2644

1.2444

1.2847

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0068

0.9888

1.0251

0.46

1.0798

1.0591

1.1009

0.44

3rd day

0.9766

0.9544

0.9993

 < 0.05

0.8990

0.8771

0.9215

0.40

Michigan

Any day

0.9947

0.9771

1.0126

0.56

0.9648

0.9464

0.9835

0.72

1st day

1.0077

0.9905

1.0251

0.38

1.1096

1.0892

1.1304

0.27

2nd day

1.0106

0.9898

1.0319

0.32

1.2030

1.1763

1.2302

0.11

3rd day

1.0044

0.9786

1.0309

0.74

0.9753

0.9486

1.0028

0.86

Missouri

Any day

1.0208

0.9980

1.0441

0.07

1.0411

1.0155

1.0673

0.75

1st day

1.0145

0.9912

1.0384

0.22

1.0484

1.0227

1.0747

0.71

2nd day

1.0190

0.9908

1.0480

0.19

1.1461

1.1121

1.1812

0.37

3rd day

1.0287

0.9959

1.0625

0.09

1.2878

1.2440

1.3332

0.15

New Hampshire

Any day

1.0007

0.9561

1.0474

0.98

0.8465

0.8054

0.8897

0.51

1st day

0.9961

0.9545

1.0395

0.86

0.8501

0.8122

0.8899

0.49

2nd day

1.0596

1.0053

1.1167

 < 0.05

1.5480

1.4627

1.6383

0.13

3rd day

0.9796

0.9140

1.0499

0.56

0.8454

0.7847

0.9108

0.66

New Jersey

Any day

0.9732

0.9510

0.9959

 < 0.05

0.7422

0.7236

0.7612

< 0.05

1st day

0.9871

0.9649

1.0099

0.27

0.8486

0.8281

0.8695

0.19

2nd day

1.0011

0.9740

1.0289

0.94

1.0317

1.0019

1.0623

0.83

3rd day

1.0080

0.9756

1.0415

0.63

1.1852

1.1442

1.2277

0.34

Ohio

Any day

1.0083

0.9917

1.0251

0.33

1.1022

1.0827

1.1220

0.28

1st day

1.0096

0.9938

1.0257

0.23

1.1219

1.1030

1.1411

0.18

2nd day

1.0104

0.9919

1.0293

0.27

1.0785

1.0573

1.1002

0.46

3rd day

1.0015

0.9789

1.0246

0.90

1.0670

1.0411

1.0937

0.61

Texas

Any day

1.0015

0.9933

1.0097

0.73

0.9984

0.9894

1.0075

0.97

1st day

0.9931

0.9827

1.0035

0.19

0.9285

0.9181

0.9391

0.20

2nd day

1.0053

0.9925

1.0183

0.42

1.0396

1.0253

1.0540

0.58

3rd day

1.0240

1.0086

1.0398

 < 0.05

1.2998

1.2787

1.3213

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement F.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

California

Any day

1.0239

0.9882

1.0607

0.19

1.3192

1.2689

1.3716

0.16

1st day

0.9851

0.9306

1.0429

0.61

0.8294

0.7802

0.8817

0.55

2nd day

1.0389

0.9679

1.1151

0.29

1.5664

1.4515

1.6905

0.25

3rd day

1.0402

0.9549

1.1331

0.37

1.4147

1.2893

1.5523

0.46

Florida

Any day

1.0089

0.9381

1.0849

0.81

1.0615

0.9789

1.1510

0.89

1st day

0.8867

0.7949

0.9891

 < 0.05

0.2448

0.2178

0.2751

< 0.05

2nd day

0.9972

0.8718

1.1407

0.97

0.8372

0.7250

0.9667

0.81

3rd day

1.1187

0.9424

1.3279

0.20

3.5029

2.9067

4.2214

0.19

Georgia

Any day

1.0635

0.8713

1.2982

0.54

2.3353

1.8653

2.9237

0.46

1st day

1.0903

0.7976

1.4905

0.59

3.1935

2.2622

4.5081

0.51

2nd day

0.8493

0.5684

1.2689

0.43

0.0714

0.0467

0.1092

0.22

3rd day

1.3865

0.8795

2.1856

0.16

43.2690

26.2281

71.3815

0.14

Illinois

Any day

1.0152

0.9739

1.0583

0.48

1.2365

1.1810

1.2946

0.37

1st day

0.9766

0.9163

1.0409

0.47

0.9484

0.8853

1.0161

0.88

2nd day

1.0812

1.0024

1.1663

 < 0.05

2.3017

2.1222

2.4964

< 0.05

3rd day

0.9878

0.8984

1.0860

0.80

0.7562

0.6837

0.8365

0.59

Indiana

Any day

1.0256

0.8980

1.1713

0.71

1.2758

1.1030

1.4755

0.74

1st day

0.9508

0.7765

1.1641

0.62

0.8328

0.6673

1.0394

0.87

2nd day

1.0904

0.8633

1.3773

0.47

3.1247

2.4260

4.0246

0.38

3rd day

1.0593

0.8005

1.4017

0.69

0.7652

0.5657

1.0351

0.86

Kansas

Any day

0.9867

0.7948

1.2248

0.90

0.5135

0.4006

0.6583

0.60

1st day

1.0590

0.7564

1.4827

0.74

1.4871

1.0361

2.1343

0.83

2nd day

0.7153

0.4172

1.2265

0.22

0.0206

0.0117

0.0365

0.18

3rd day

0.6994

0.3742

1.3071

0.26

0.0222

0.0115

0.0430

0.26

Massachusetts

Any day

1.0336

0.9793

1.0909

0.23

1.6045

1.5096

1.7055

0.13

1st day

1.0332

0.9530

1.1201

0.43

1.5079

1.3818

1.6455

0.36

2nd day

1.0112

0.9175

1.1144

0.82

1.2129

1.0928

1.3462

0.72

3rd day

1.0376

0.9195

1.1708

0.55

1.0991

0.9656

1.2511

0.89

Michigan

Any day

0.9166

0.8583

0.9788

 < 0.05

0.4083

0.3801

0.4386

< 0.05

1st day

0.9491

0.8608

1.0464

0.29

0.6647

0.5979

0.7389

0.45

2nd day

0.9356

0.8298

1.0550

0.28

0.3779

0.3321

0.4300

0.14

3rd day

0.9029

0.7768

1.0493

0.18

0.4820

0.4108

0.5655

0.37

Missouri

Any day

1.0474

0.9477

1.1576

0.36

2.1684

1.9404

2.4231

0.17

1st day

1.0663

0.9074

1.2532

0.44

2.2724

1.9092

2.7047

0.36

2nd day

1.0331

0.8472

1.2597

0.75

2.5343

2.0453

3.1401

0.40

3rd day

1.0194

0.8148

1.2753

0.87

2.1669

1.6973

2.7665

0.53

New Hampshire

Any day

0.7292

0.4301

1.2364

0.24

0.0331

0.0184

0.0596

0.26

1st day

1.1650

0.5956

2.2786

0.66

0.6494

0.3223

1.3085

0.90

2nd day

0.2818

0.0671

1.1839

0.08

0.0000

0.0000

0.0002

0.18

3rd day

0.7075

0.1639

3.0548

0.64

15.2258

2.9415

78.8129

0.75

New Jersey

Any day

1.0203

0.9514

1.0942

0.57

0.9928

0.9172

1.0747

0.99

1st day

1.1206

1.0069

1.2471

 < 0.05

2.2716

2.0244

2.5489

0.16

2nd day

0.9623

0.8421

1.0996

0.57

0.5515

0.4784

0.6358

0.41

3rd day

0.9680

0.8248

1.1361

0.69

0.8477

0.7117

1.0096

0.85

Ohio

Any day

1.0632

0.9809

1.1524

0.14

1.9883

1.8221

2.1698

0.12

1st day

1.0894

0.9608

1.2353

0.18

2.9294

2.5535

3.3606

0.13

2nd day

1.1124

0.9623

1.2860

0.15

2.5414

2.1701

2.9762

0.25

3rd day

0.8973

0.7475

1.0771

0.24

0.3504

0.2876

0.4270

0.30

Texas

Any day

1.0671

0.9958

1.1435

0.07

1.7130

1.5864

1.8497

0.17

1st day

1.0600

0.9544

1.1772

0.28

2.0693

1.8455

2.3202

0.21

2nd day

0.9206

0.8023

1.0563

0.24

0.3139

0.2708

0.3637

0.12

3rd day

1.1452

0.9800

1.3382

0.09

2.3357

1.9744

2.7630

0.32

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement G.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Exposure

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

California

Lag 0

1.0116

1.0113

1.0119

 < 0.05

1.0051

1.0047

1.0054

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0131

1.0128

1.0135

 < 0.05

1.0058

1.0055

1.0062

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0136

1.0132

1.0139

 < 0.05

1.0055

1.0051

1.0059

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0146

1.0142

1.0149

 < 0.05

1.0053

1.0049

1.0057

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0163

1.0160

1.0167

 < 0.05

1.0055

1.0051

1.0059

< 0.05

Florida

Lag 0

0.9980

0.9975

0.9984

0.41

1.0018

1.0012

1.0023

0.52

Lags 0–1

0.9967

0.9962

0.9972

0.23

1.0013

1.0007

1.0019

0.67

Lags 0–2

0.9963

0.9957

0.9969

0.23

1.0019

1.0013

1.0026

0.57

Lags 0–3

0.9943

0.9937

0.9950

0.09

1.0020

1.0013

1.0027

0.59

Lags 0–4

0.9920

0.9913

0.9927

 < 0.05

1.0021

1.0013

1.0029

0.60

Georgia

Lag 0

0.9896

0.9885

0.9907

0.07

1.0006

0.9994

1.0018

0.92

Lags 0–1

0.9831

0.9819

0.9844

 < 0.05

0.9993

0.9979

1.0007

0.92

Lags 0–2

0.9856

0.9842

0.9870

 < 0.05

1.0089

1.0073

1.0105

0.27

Lags 0–3

0.9829

0.9814

0.9844

 < 0.05

1.0082

1.0065

1.0099

0.35

Lags 0–4

0.9818

0.9802

0.9834

 < 0.05

1.0085

1.0066

1.0104

0.37

Illinois

Lag 0

1.0043

1.0039

1.0048

0.07

1.0091

1.0086

1.0096

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0051

1.0045

1.0056

0.06

1.0118

1.0112

1.0124

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0025

1.0019

1.0031

0.40

1.0114

1.0107

1.0121

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

0.9992

0.9986

0.9999

0.82

1.0098

1.0091

1.0105

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

0.9951

0.9944

0.9958

0.16

1.0071

1.0063

1.0078

0.08

Indiana

Lag 0

0.9706

0.9695

0.9718

 < 0.05

0.9956

0.9942

0.9970

0.53

Lags 0–1

0.9639

0.9626

0.9653

 < 0.05

0.9991

0.9975

1.0007

0.91

Lags 0–2

0.9607

0.9592

0.9621

 < 0.05

1.0012

0.9995

1.0030

0.89

Lags 0–3

0.9583

0.9567

0.9599

 < 0.05

1.0033

1.0014

1.0051

0.74

Lags 0–4

0.9601

0.9583

0.9619

 < 0.05

1.0101

1.0080

1.0121

0.34

Kansas

Lag 0

1.0279

1.0258

1.0300

 < 0.05

1.0405

1.0381

1.0428

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0121

1.0097

1.0144

0.31

1.0243

1.0217

1.0270

0.07

Lags 0–2

0.9969

0.9944

0.9995

0.81

1.0084

1.0056

1.0113

0.56

Lags 0–3

0.9829

0.9801

0.9856

0.22

0.9970

0.9939

1.0001

0.85

Lags 0–4

0.9739

0.9710

0.9769

0.09

0.9914

0.9881

0.9948

0.62

Massachusetts

Lag 0

1.0099

1.0093

1.0104

 < 0.05

1.0087

1.0081

1.0093

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0166

1.0160

1.0173

 < 0.05

1.0162

1.0154

1.0169

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0149

1.0142

1.0157

 < 0.05

1.0162

1.0154

1.0170

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0134

1.0126

1.0142

 < 0.05

1.0151

1.0142

1.0161

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0106

1.0097

1.0114

 < 0.05

1.0118

1.0108

1.0128

< 0.05

Michigan

Lag 0

1.0049

1.0044

1.0055

0.09

1.0121

1.0114

1.0127

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0093

1.0087

1.0100

 < 0.05

1.0191

1.0184

1.0199

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0072

1.0064

1.0079

0.06

1.0175

1.0166

1.0183

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0040

1.0032

1.0048

0.33

1.0128

1.0119

1.0137

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0024

1.0015

1.0033

0.59

1.0096

1.0086

1.0106

0.06

Missouri

Lag 0

1.0174

1.0165

1.0183

 < 0.05

1.0112

1.0102

1.0121

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0190

1.0180

1.0200

 < 0.05

1.0123

1.0111

1.0134

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0177

1.0166

1.0188

 < 0.05

1.0116

1.0104

1.0128

0.06

Lags 0–3

1.0145

1.0133

1.0157

 < 0.05

1.0080

1.0067

1.0094

0.23

Lags 0–4

1.0078

1.0065

1.0091

0.23

1.0034

1.0020

1.0048

0.64

New Hampshire

Lag 0

1.0243

1.0222

1.0265

 < 0.05

1.0283

1.0259

1.0307

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0183

1.0158

1.0209

0.15

1.0229

1.0201

1.0258

0.11

Lags 0–2

1.0098

1.0070

1.0127

0.50

1.0108

1.0077

1.0140

0.5

Lags 0–3

0.9932

0.9902

0.9963

0.67

0.9889

0.9855

0.9924

0.53

Lags 0–4

0.9899

0.9866

0.9932

0.55

0.9857

0.9819

0.9895

0.46

New Jersey

Lag 0

1.0152

1.0146

1.0159

 < 0.05

1.0106

1.0099

1.0113

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0152

1.0144

1.0159

 < 0.05

1.0138

1.0130

1.0146

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0121

1.0112

1.0129

 < 0.05

1.0134

1.0125

1.0144

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0095

1.0086

1.0105

 < 0.05

1.0129

1.0118

1.0139

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0064

1.0054

1.0074

0.22

1.0113

1.0101

1.0124

0.05

Ohio

Lag 0

1.0088

1.0083

1.0094

 < 0.05

1.0077

1.0071

1.0083

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0096

1.0090

1.0102

 < 0.05

1.0091

1.0084

1.0098

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0058

1.0051

1.0065

0.09

1.0041

1.0033

1.0048

0.29

Lags 0–3

1.0030

1.0022

1.0037

0.43

0.9996

0.9988

1.0005

0.93

Lags 0–4

1.0008

1.0000

1.0016

0.85

0.9956

0.9947

0.9965

0.34

Texas

Lag 0

1.0087

1.0082

1.0092

 < 0.05

1.0107

1.0102

1.0112

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0096

1.0091

1.0102

 < 0.05

1.0126

1.0121

1.0132

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0049

1.0043

1.0055

0.09

1.0087

1.0081

1.0093

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0012

1.0006

1.0019

0.69

1.0059

1.0053

1.0066

0.09

Lags 0–4

0.9999

0.9993

1.0006

0.98

1.0062

1.0055

1.0070

0.10

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement G.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Exposure

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

California

Lag 0

1.0131

1.0115

1.0147

0.12

1.0096

1.0079

1.0114

0.29

Lags 0–1

1.0063

1.0046

1.0081

0.49

1.0009

0.9989

1.0029

0.93

Lags 0–2

1.0064

1.0045

1.0084

0.52

1.0018

0.9996

1.0039

0.87

Lags 0–3

1.0076

1.0055

1.0097

0.48

1.0018

0.9995

1.0041

0.88

Lags 0–4

1.0114

1.0092

1.0137

0.32

1.0024

0.9999

1.0049

0.85

Florida

Lag 0

1.0115

1.0065

1.0165

0.65

1.0098

1.0044

1.0152

0.72

Lags 0–1

1.0002

0.9946

1.0058

0.99

0.9966

0.9905

1.0027

0.91

Lags 0–2

0.9885

0.9824

0.9947

0.72

0.9857

0.9789

0.9925

0.68

Lags 0–3

0.9952

0.9886

1.0019

0.89

0.9890

0.9817

0.9964

0.77

Lags 0–4

1.0230

1.0159

1.0302

0.52

1.0164

1.0085

1.0244

0.68

Georgia

Lag 0

1.0284

1.0187

1.0383

0.56

1.0402

1.0292

1.0513

0.47

Lags 0–1

1.0243

1.0134

1.0353

0.66

1.0457

1.0331

1.0585

0.47

Lags 0–2

1.0373

1.0251

1.0496

0.54

1.0619

1.0476

1.0764

0.39

Lags 0–3

1.0495

1.0361

1.0631

0.46

1.0869

1.0710

1.1030

0.27

Lags 0–4

1.0644

1.0499

1.0792

0.37

1.1123

1.0947

1.1301

0.19

Illinois

Lag 0

1.0071

1.0054

1.0089

0.42

1.0145

1.0125

1.0164

0.14

Lags 0–1

1.0075

1.0055

1.0095

0.46

1.0157

1.0135

1.0180

0.16

Lags 0–2

1.0081

1.0058

1.0104

0.48

1.0193

1.0168

1.0218

0.13

Lags 0–3

1.0058

1.0033

1.0083

0.65

1.0164

1.0136

1.0192

0.25

Lags 0–4

1.0031

1.0004

1.0059

0.82

1.0126

1.0096

1.0157

0.42

Indiana

Lag 0

1.0775

1.0720

1.0830

 < 0.05

1.0856

1.0797

1.0917

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0781

1.0719

1.0843

 < 0.05

1.0804

1.0737

1.0872

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0657

1.0589

1.0725

0.05

1.0595

1.0521

1.0669

0.1

Lags 0–3

1.0581

1.0507

1.0655

0.11

1.0484

1.0405

1.0564

0.22

Lags 0–4

1.0586

1.0506

1.0667

0.14

1.0490

1.0405

1.0577

0.25

Kansas

Lag 0

0.9561

0.9444

0.9680

0.48

0.9625

0.9495

0.9756

0.58

Lags 0–1

0.9770

0.9634

0.9908

0.74

0.9981

0.9827

1.0138

0.98

Lags 0–2

1.0025

0.9873

1.0180

0.97

1.0254

1.0081

1.0431

0.77

Lags 0–3

1.0396

1.0225

1.0570

0.65

1.0873

1.0673

1.1077

0.38

Lags 0–4

1.0649

1.0460

1.0840

0.49

1.1367

1.1140

1.1598

0.21

Massachusetts

Lag 0

0.9984

0.9960

1.0009

0.90

0.9968

0.9941

0.9995

0.82

Lags 0–1

1.0046

1.0017

1.0075

0.76

1.0036

1.0004

1.0068

0.83

Lags 0–2

0.9955

0.9922

0.9988

0.79

0.9970

0.9933

1.0007

0.87

Lags 0–3

0.9887

0.9851

0.9923

0.54

0.9894

0.9853

0.9935

0.61

Lags 0–4

0.9839

0.9800

0.9879

0.43

0.9851

0.9807

0.9896

0.52

Michigan

Lag 0

1.0121

1.0093

1.0149

0.39

1.0197

1.0167

1.0228

0.2

Lags 0–1

1.0026

0.9995

1.0057

0.87

1.0094

1.0060

1.0129

0.59

Lags 0–2

1.0060

1.0024

1.0095

0.74

1.0118

1.0079

1.0157

0.55

Lags 0–3

1.0059

1.0020

1.0098

0.77

1.0105

1.0062

1.0147

0.63

Lags 0–4

1.0052

1.0010

1.0095

0.81

1.0127

1.0081

1.0174

0.59

Missouri

Lag 0

1.0262

1.0206

1.0319

0.35

1.0412

1.0349

1.0475

0.19

Lags 0–1

1.0195

1.0132

1.0258

0.54

1.0253

1.0183

1.0324

0.47

Lags 0–2

1.0311

1.0241

1.0381

0.38

1.0473

1.0394

1.0553

0.23

Lags 0–3

1.0159

1.0084

1.0235

0.68

1.0407

1.0321

1.0494

0.35

Lags 0–4

0.9988

0.9909

1.0069

0.98

1.0288

1.0196

1.0381

0.54

New Hampshire

Lag 0

1.0593

1.0313

1.0881

0.67

1.1049

1.0732

1.1375

0.5

Lags 0–1

0.9618

0.9318

0.9928

0.81

0.9531

0.9205

0.9868

0.79

Lags 0–2

0.9259

0.8930

0.9601

0.68

0.8824

0.8480

0.9182

0.54

Lags 0–3

0.8920

0.8570

0.9284

0.58

0.8629

0.8255

0.9020

0.51

Lags 0–4

0.7826

0.7483

0.8185

0.28

0.7777

0.7403

0.8169

0.32

New Jersey

Lag 0

0.9974

0.9950

0.9999

0.84

0.9950

0.9924

0.9977

0.71

Lags 0–1

0.9943

0.9915

0.9972

0.69

0.9890

0.9859

0.9920

0.48

Lags 0–2

0.9920

0.9888

0.9952

0.63

0.9898

0.9863

0.9933

0.57

Lags 0–3

0.9906

0.9870

0.9943

0.61

0.9920

0.9881

0.9960

0.69

Lags 0–4

0.9878

0.9839

0.9918

0.55

0.9899

0.9855

0.9942

0.65

Ohio

Lag 0

0.9978

0.9942

1.0013

0.90

0.9990

0.9952

1.0028

0.96

Lags 0–1

0.9976

0.9937

1.0017

0.91

1.0002

0.9959

1.0045

0.99

Lags 0–2

0.9937

0.9893

0.9982

0.78

0.9961

0.9913

1.0009

0.87

Lags 0–3

0.9977

0.9928

1.0027

0.93

1.0005

0.9951

1.0058

0.99

Lags 0–4

1.0000

0.9946

1.0054

1.00

1.0018

0.9960

1.0077

0.95

Texas

Lag 0

0.9901

0.9853

0.9949

0.69

0.9684

0.9634

0.9735

0.23

Lags 0–1

0.9836

0.9782

0.9891

0.56

0.9667

0.9609

0.9725

0.27

Lags 0–2

0.9861

0.9800

0.9921

0.65

0.9765

0.9699

0.9831

0.49

Lags 0–3

0.9957

0.9891

1.0023

0.90

0.9855

0.9783

0.9928

0.7

Lags 0–4

1.0081

1.0010

1.0154

0.82

0.9958

0.9879

1.0037

0.92

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement H.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

2000

Any day

0.9485

0.8922

1.0084

0.09

0.4763

0.4465

0.5081

< 0.05

1st day

1.0005

0.9456

1.0587

0.99

0.8542

0.8043

0.9073

0.61

2nd day

0.9966

0.9280

1.0702

0.92

0.7894

0.7312

0.8523

0.55

3rd day

0.9807

0.8987

1.0703

0.66

1.0744

0.9767

1.1818

0.88

2001

Any day

0.9800

0.9237

1.0397

0.50

0.6833

0.6401

0.7294

0.25

1st day

1.0296

0.9751

1.0872

0.29

1.0925

1.0298

1.1589

0.77

2nd day

1.0372

0.9683

1.1110

0.30

1.9251

1.7879

2.0728

0.08

3rd day

0.9641

0.8776

1.0591

0.45

0.8348

0.7553

0.9226

0.72

2002

Any day

0.9943

0.9341

1.0585

0.86

1.0278

0.9618

1.0983

0.94

1st day

0.9934

0.9368

1.0534

0.82

0.9970

0.9345

1.0637

0.99

2nd day

0.9974

0.9289

1.0709

0.94

0.8534

0.7901

0.9219

0.69

3rd day

0.9641

0.8776

1.0591

0.45

0.5669

0.5068

0.6343

0.32

2003

Any day

0.9973

0.9315

1.0677

0.94

0.9187

0.8514

0.9912

0.83

1st day

1.0660

1.0017

1.1344

 < 0.05

1.6054

1.5012

1.7169

0.17

2nd day

0.9674

0.8944

1.0463

0.41

0.6832

0.6288

0.7423

0.37

3rd day

0.9424

0.8576

1.0355

0.22

0.4967

0.4496

0.5488

0.17

2004

Any day

1.0521

1.0106

1.0953

 < 0.05

1.4140

1.3538

1.4770

0.12

1st day

1.0301

0.9911

1.0706

0.13

1.1508

1.1043

1.1993

0.50

2nd day

1.0119

0.9655

1.0606

0.62

1.3339

1.2687

1.4025

0.26

3rd day

1.0559

0.9986

1.1164

0.06

1.7391

1.6377

1.8468

0.07

2005

Any day

0.9626

0.9226

1.0043

0.08

0.5985

0.5712

0.6271

< 0.05

1st day

0.9893

0.9503

1.0299

0.60

0.9058

0.8673

0.9459

0.65

2nd day

0.9827

0.9368

1.0309

0.47

0.6965

0.6617

0.7331

0.17

3rd day

0.9788

0.9238

1.0370

0.47

0.9771

0.9176

1.0405

0.94

2006

Any day

1.0057

0.9631

1.0502

0.80

1.1723

1.1160

1.2314

0.53

1st day

1.0389

0.9929

1.0871

0.10

1.9436

1.8524

2.0393

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0106

0.9600

1.0639

0.69

1.1397

1.0798

1.2029

0.63

3rd day

0.9787

0.9237

1.0370

0.47

0.9307

0.8750

0.9900

0.82

2007

Any day

1.0045

0.9928

1.0164

0.45

1.1170

1.1022

1.1320

0.10

1st day

1.0103

0.9953

1.0256

0.18

1.0935

1.0760

1.1113

0.28

2nd day

0.9876

0.9695

1.0060

0.18

0.9083

0.8905

0.9265

0.34

3rd day

1.0092

0.9868

1.0322

0.42

1.2268

1.1974

1.2568

0.10

2008

Any day

1.0028

0.9919

1.0139

0.61

1.0166

1.0043

1.0290

0.79

1st day

0.9990

0.9845

1.0136

0.89

0.9874

0.9719

1.0031

0.87

2nd day

1.0150

0.9978

1.0326

0.09

1.1603

1.1389

1.1821

0.12

3rd day

1.0110

0.9904

1.0321

0.30

1.1741

1.1483

1.2005

0.16

2009

Any day

1.0017

0.9924

1.0110

0.73

1.0548

1.0440

1.0658

0.31

1st day

1.0093

0.9964

1.0223

0.16

1.0897

1.0749

1.1048

0.22

2nd day

0.9969

0.9814

1.0126

0.70

1.0539

1.0363

1.0717

0.54

3rd day

0.9867

0.9670

1.0069

0.19

0.8997

0.8804

0.9194

0.34

2010

Any day

1.0260

1.0159

1.0361

 < 0.05

1.1450

1.1323

1.1578

< 0.05

1st day

1.0075

0.9939

1.0212

0.28

0.9894

0.9751

1.0041

0.89

2nd day

1.0171

1.0005

1.0340

 < 0.05

1.1348

1.1147

1.1552

0.16

3rd day

1.0312

1.0109

1.0519

 < 0.05

1.2961

1.2684

1.3245

< 0.05

2011

Any day

1.0004

0.9906

1.0103

0.94

1.1202

1.1079

1.1326

< 0.05

1st day

1.0148

1.0011

1.0288

 < 0.05

1.2305

1.2127

1.2487

< 0.05

2nd day

0.9869

0.9705

1.0036

0.12

0.9523

0.9354

0.9696

0.59

3rd day

1.0042

0.9838

1.0250

0.69

1.0736

1.0502

1.0975

0.53

2012

Any day

1.0305

1.0205

1.0406

 < 0.05

1.2161

1.2029

1.2295

< 0.05

1st day

1.0189

1.0055

1.0325

 < 0.05

1.1252

1.1093

1.1413

0.10

2nd day

1.0180

1.0016

1.0347

 < 0.05

1.1157

1.0964

1.1353

0.22

3rd day

1.0237

1.0034

1.0444

 < 0.05

1.2335

1.2073

1.2604

0.06

2013

Any day

1.0168

1.0071

1.0266

 < 0.05

1.2231

1.2104

1.2360

< 0.05

1st day

1.0043

0.9908

1.0181

0.53

1.0971

1.0812

1.1133

0.21

2nd day

1.0108

0.9939

1.0279

0.21

1.1586

1.1380

1.1797

0.11

3rd day

1.0225

1.0023

1.0431

 < 0.05

1.2665

1.2398

1.2939

< 0.05

2014

Any day

0.9986

0.9882

1.0091

0.79

1.0207

1.0088

1.0327

0.73

1st day

0.9970

0.9829

1.0114

0.68

0.9818

0.9669

0.9970

0.82

2nd day

0.9953

0.9782

1.0127

0.60

0.9519

0.9342

0.9699

0.61

3rd day

1.0077

0.9858

1.0301

0.49

1.0709

1.0458

1.0966

0.57

2015

Any day

1.0051

0.9947

1.0156

0.33

1.2467

1.2328

1.2607

< 0.05

1st day

1.0071

0.9930

1.0214

0.33

1.1541

1.1368

1.1717

0.06

2nd day

1.0177

1.0003

1.0354

 < 0.05

1.3149

1.2909

1.3393

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0173

0.9963

1.0388

0.11

1.3036

1.2747

1.3332

< 0.05

2016

Any day

1.0296

1.0186

1.0406

 < 0.05

1.1412

1.1278

1.1549

< 0.05

1st day

1.0277

1.0127

1.0430

 < 0.05

1.1876

1.1688

1.2066

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0295

1.0112

1.0482

 < 0.05

1.2437

1.2199

1.2681

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0230

1.0007

1.0457

 < 0.05

1.0712

1.0462

1.0968

0.57

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement H.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Heat day

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

2000

Any day

0.9443

0.7704

1.1574

0.58

0.4969

0.4010

0.6156

0.52

1st day

1.1722

0.8804

1.5607

0.28

2.9312

2.1560

3.9851

0.49

2nd day

1.0136

0.7107

1.4456

0.94

1.0813

0.7442

1.5712

0.97

3rd day

0.6749

0.4151

1.0972

0.11

0.0090

0.0054

0.0148

0.07

2001

Any day

0.9519

0.7836

1.1562

0.62

0.5014

0.4020

0.6253

0.54

1st day

1.0473

0.7939

1.3817

0.74

2.9003

2.1418

3.9274

0.49

2nd day

0.7789

0.5235

1.1589

0.22

0.0758

0.0497

0.1156

0.23

3rd day

0.7273

0.4233

1.2495

0.25

0.0054

0.0031

0.0094

0.07

2002

Any day

1.0534

0.8531

1.3009

0.63

2.8301

2.2310

3.5900

0.39

1st day

0.8775

0.6143

1.2534

0.47

0.3633

0.2439

0.5413

0.62

2nd day

0.6871

0.4391

1.0749

0.10

0.0174

0.0106

0.0284

0.11

3rd day

0.7273

0.4233

1.2495

0.25

69.4835

38.8563

124.2519

0.15

2003

Any day

1.1611

0.9524

1.4156

0.14

11.6884

9.3215

14.6564

< 0.05

1st day

1.1348

0.8162

1.5778

0.45

9.7846

6.8295

14.0183

0.21

2nd day

0.9508

0.6196

1.4588

0.82

0.9024

0.5774

1.4103

0.96

3rd day

1.8368

1.2226

2.7594

 < 0.05

139.0756

91.0386

212.4595

< 0.05

2004

Any day

1.0272

0.9058

1.1649

0.68

1.2190

1.0593

1.4027

0.78

1st day

1.1850

0.9872

1.4224

0.07

8.2959

6.7905

10.1350

< 0.05

2nd day

0.9205

0.7311

1.1589

0.48

0.2940

0.2298

0.3760

0.33

3rd day

0.8037

0.5995

1.0774

0.14

0.0853

0.0623

0.1168

0.12

2005

Any day

1.1008

0.9672

1.2528

0.15

4.3792

3.7878

5.0630

< 0.05

1st day

1.0888

0.8956

1.3237

0.39

3.6774

2.9680

4.5565

0.23

2nd day

1.0895

0.8674

1.3686

0.46

5.1398

4.0145

6.5806

0.19

3rd day

1.2123

0.9225

1.5930

0.17

4.0832

3.0138

5.5322

0.36

2006

Any day

1.0740

0.9331

1.2362

0.32

0.9767

0.8337

1.1441

0.98

1st day

1.0997

0.8785

1.3766

0.41

0.9290

0.7339

1.1759

0.95

2nd day

0.9565

0.7413

1.2342

0.73

0.6484

0.4960

0.8477

0.75

3rd day

1.0563

0.7933

1.4066

0.71

0.6745

0.4949

0.9193

0.80

2007

Any day

0.9811

0.9142

1.0528

0.60

0.9392

0.8684

1.0158

0.88

1st day

1.0253

0.9251

1.1362

0.63

1.3820

1.2352

1.5462

0.57

2nd day

0.9631

0.8473

1.0947

0.56

0.6048

0.5268

0.6942

0.47

3rd day

0.9373

0.7976

1.1014

0.43

0.6173

0.5195

0.7337

0.58

2008

Any day

0.9911

0.9321

1.0539

0.78

0.7301

0.6818

0.7819

0.37

1st day

1.0069

0.9164

1.1063

0.89

1.0202

0.9208

1.1304

0.97

2nd day

0.9947

0.8893

1.1125

0.93

0.7201

0.6378

0.8131

0.60

3rd day

0.9543

0.8341

1.0917

0.50

0.4485

0.3883

0.5179

0.27

2009

Any day

0.9772

0.9251

1.0323

0.41

0.6014

0.5658

0.6392

0.10

1st day

0.9188

0.8427

1.0018

0.05

0.3385

0.3088

0.3711

< 0.05

2nd day

1.0168

0.9162

1.1285

0.75

1.2062

1.0793

1.3480

0.74

3rd day

1.1579

1.0202

1.3143

 < 0.05

3.3197

2.8967

3.8044

0.08

2010

Any day

1.0593

0.9985

1.1236

0.06

2.0142

1.8878

2.1490

< 0.05

1st day

1.0025

0.9122

1.1018

0.96

1.1307

1.0210

1.2522

0.81

2nd day

1.1280

1.0108

1.2589

 < 0.05

1.8317

1.6273

2.0618

0.32

3rd day

1.0317

0.9023

1.1797

0.65

2.2578

1.9498

2.6145

0.28

2011

Any day

1.0357

0.9765

1.0986

0.24

1.8924

1.7709

2.0224

0.06

1st day

0.9989

0.9103

1.0960

0.98

1.0720

0.9697

1.1852

0.89

2nd day

1.0005

0.8900

1.1247

0.99

1.2928

1.1393

1.4670

0.69

3rd day

0.9915

0.8611

1.1417

0.91

0.9081

0.7800

1.0574

0.90

2012

Any day

1.0083

0.9502

1.0700

0.78

0.7972

0.7457

0.8522

0.51

1st day

0.9758

0.8909

1.0688

0.60

0.7121

0.6461

0.7849

0.49

2nd day

0.9859

0.8774

1.1078

0.81

0.7069

0.6248

0.7997

0.58

3rd day

0.9844

0.8542

1.1345

0.83

0.6514

0.5601

0.7575

0.58

2013

Any day

0.9884

0.9332

1.0469

0.69

1.2316

1.1568

1.3112

0.51

1st day

0.9970

0.9071

1.0958

0.95

1.2096

1.0913

1.3406

0.72

2nd day

0.9923

0.8816

1.1168

0.90

1.5142

1.3335

1.7193

0.52

3rd day

0.9897

0.8625

1.1356

0.88

1.2006

1.0358

1.3917

0.81

2014

Any day

0.9942

0.9311

1.0616

0.86

0.7803

0.7250

0.8397

0.51

1st day

1.0027

0.9090

1.1060

0.96

1.0170

0.9147

1.1308

0.98

2nd day

0.9296

0.8214

1.0520

0.25

0.4366

0.3818

0.4994

0.23

3rd day

1.0659

0.9128

1.2448

0.42

1.8001

1.5194

2.1326

0.50

2015

Any day

1.1146

1.0457

1.1881

 < 0.05

4.0144

3.7491

4.2986

< 0.05

1st day

1.0730

0.9751

1.1808

0.15

2.6014

2.3470

2.8834

0.07

2nd day

1.1101

0.9852

1.2509

0.09

4.6836

4.1202

5.3239

< 0.05

3rd day

1.0207

0.8828

1.1802

0.78

1.1026

0.9431

1.2890

0.90

2016

Any day

1.0456

0.9784

1.1175

0.19

1.7317

1.6103

1.8622

0.14

1st day

0.9830

0.8883

1.0877

0.74

0.9885

0.8862

1.1027

0.98

2nd day

1.1660

1.0383

1.3095

 < 0.05

3.6850

3.2514

4.1764

< 0.05

3rd day

0.9712

0.8292

1.1374

0.72

1.3298

1.1220

1.5762

0.74

Original and corrected estimates for main effects from Supplement I.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Exposure

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

2000

Lag 0

0.9216

0.9197

0.9235

 < 0.05

0.9833

0.9811

0.9856

0.16

Lags 0–1

0.8989

0.8967

0.9012

 < 0.05

0.9878

0.9851

0.9906

0.39

Lags 0–2

0.8736

0.8711

0.8761

 < 0.05

0.9957

0.9925

0.9990

0.80

Lags 0–3

0.8453

0.8426

0.8481

 < 0.05

0.9959

0.9922

0.9996

0.83

Lags 0–4

0.8278

0.8249

0.8308

 < 0.05

0.9896

0.9856

0.9937

0.61

2001

Lag 0

1.0651

1.0632

1.0670

 < 0.05

1.0342

1.0321

1.0364

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.1001

1.0978

1.1025

 < 0.05

1.0482

1.0456

1.0508

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.1190

1.1164

1.1217

 < 0.05

1.0489

1.0459

1.0520

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.1407

1.1376

1.1437

 < 0.05

1.0535

1.0501

1.0569

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.1591

1.1557

1.1625

 < 0.05

1.0593

1.0555

1.0630

< 0.05

2002

Lag 0

0.9930

0.9915

0.9945

0.37

0.9933

0.9916

0.9949

0.43

Lags 0–1

0.9988

0.9970

1.0006

0.90

0.9986

0.9965

1.0006

0.89

Lags 0–2

0.9998

0.9977

1.0019

0.99

0.9963

0.9940

0.9986

0.75

Lags 0–3

0.9972

0.9948

0.9995

0.81

0.9887

0.9862

0.9913

0.40

Lags 0–4

0.9846

0.9820

0.9871

0.24

0.9736

0.9707

0.9764

0.07

2003

Lag 0

0.9895

0.9877

0.9912

0.23

1.0054

1.0035

1.0074

0.58

Lags 0–1

0.9850

0.9828

0.9871

0.17

1.0099

1.0074

1.0123

0.43

Lags 0–2

0.9590

0.9566

0.9614

 < 0.05

0.9940

0.9911

0.9970

0.69

Lags 0–3

0.9577

0.9550

0.9604

 < 0.05

0.9998

0.9964

1.0032

0.99

Lags 0–4

0.9570

0.9540

0.9600

 < 0.05

1.0011

0.9973

1.0049

0.96

2004

Lag 0

1.0398

1.0387

1.0410

 < 0.05

1.0137

1.0125

1.0149

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0428

1.0414

1.0441

 < 0.05

1.0153

1.0139

1.0168

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0410

1.0395

1.0426

 < 0.05

1.0153

1.0137

1.0169

0.06

Lags 0–3

1.0428

1.0411

1.0445

 < 0.05

1.0178

1.0159

1.0196

0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0388

1.0369

1.0407

 < 0.05

1.0119

1.0100

1.0139

0.24

2005

Lag 0

1.0515

1.0503

1.0527

 < 0.05

1.0135

1.0122

1.0149

0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0779

1.0764

1.0793

 < 0.05

1.0208

1.0192

1.0225

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.1114

1.1097

1.1132

 < 0.05

1.0290

1.0271

1.0309

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.1355

1.1335

1.1375

 < 0.05

1.0332

1.0310

1.0353

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.1494

1.1472

1.1516

 < 0.05

1.0290

1.0267

1.0313

< 0.05

2006

Lag 0

0.9910

0.9898

0.9921

0.14

1.0108

1.0095

1.0122

0.11

Lags 0–1

0.9900

0.9886

0.9914

0.16

1.0158

1.0142

1.0174

0.05

Lags 0–2

0.9841

0.9825

0.9856

 < 0.05

1.0194

1.0175

1.0212

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

0.9782

0.9764

0.9799

 < 0.05

1.0202

1.0181

1.0222

0.05

Lags 0–4

0.9759

0.9740

0.9778

 < 0.05

1.0237

1.0214

1.0260

< 0.05

2007

Lag 0

1.0041

1.0036

1.0045

0.09

1.0113

1.0108

1.0118

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

0.9993

0.9988

0.9998

0.79

1.0122

1.0116

1.0128

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

0.9944

0.9938

0.9950

0.06

1.0110

1.0103

1.0116

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

0.9914

0.9907

0.9920

 < 0.05

1.0092

1.0085

1.0099

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

0.9903

0.9896

0.9910

 < 0.05

1.0098

1.0090

1.0106

< 0.05

2008

Lag 0

0.9552

0.9547

0.9557

 < 0.05

1.0062

1.0056

1.0067

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

0.9504

0.9498

0.9509

 < 0.05

1.0105

1.0099

1.0112

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

0.9413

0.9407

0.9419

 < 0.05

1.0088

1.0081

1.0095

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

0.9319

0.9312

0.9325

 < 0.05

1.0077

1.0069

1.0085

0.06

Lags 0–4

0.9250

0.9243

0.9257

 < 0.05

1.0075

1.0066

1.0084

0.10

2009

Lag 0

1.0319

1.0314

1.0324

 < 0.05

1.0067

1.0062

1.0072

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0353

1.0347

1.0358

 < 0.05

1.0098

1.0092

1.0104

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0344

1.0338

1.0350

 < 0.05

1.0093

1.0087

1.0100

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0346

1.0339

1.0352

 < 0.05

1.0085

1.0077

1.0092

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0355

1.0348

1.0362

 < 0.05

1.0069

1.0061

1.0077

0.08

2010

Lag 0

1.0268

1.0263

1.0273

 < 0.05

1.0102

1.0097

1.0107

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0374

1.0368

1.0379

 < 0.05

1.0136

1.0131

1.0142

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0425

1.0419

1.0431

 < 0.05

1.0126

1.0120

1.0133

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0442

1.0435

1.0448

 < 0.05

1.0113

1.0106

1.0120

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0436

1.0429

1.0443

 < 0.05

1.0098

1.0090

1.0105

< 0.05

2011

Lag 0

1.0092

1.0087

1.0097

 < 0.05

1.0071

1.0066

1.0076

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0075

1.0070

1.0081

 < 0.05

1.0090

1.0084

1.0096

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0013

1.0007

1.0019

0.68

1.0097

1.0090

1.0104

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

0.9960

0.9953

0.9966

0.23

1.0083

1.0076

1.0090

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

0.9934

0.9927

0.9941

0.07

1.0077

1.0069

1.0085

0.06

2012

Lag 0

0.9969

0.9964

0.9974

0.23

1.0062

1.0057

1.0068

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

0.9966

0.9961

0.9972

0.23

1.0080

1.0074

1.0086

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

0.9914

0.9908

0.9920

 < 0.05

1.0043

1.0036

1.0050

0.22

Lags 0–3

0.9859

0.9853

0.9866

 < 0.05

1.0005

0.9998

1.0012

0.9

Lags 0–4

0.9819

0.9813

0.9826

 < 0.05

0.9995

0.9987

1.0003

0.91

2013

Lag 0

1.0155

1.0150

1.0160

 < 0.05

1.0051

1.0045

1.0056

0.07

Lags 0–1

1.0204

1.0198

1.0209

 < 0.05

1.0087

1.0081

1.0093

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0264

1.0258

1.0270

 < 0.05

1.0078

1.0071

1.0084

< 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0342

1.0336

1.0349

 < 0.05

1.0063

1.0056

1.0071

0.08

Lags 0–4

1.0416

1.0409

1.0423

 < 0.05

1.0042

1.0034

1.0050

0.29

2014

Lag 0

0.9768

0.9763

0.9773

 < 0.05

1.0037

1.0032

1.0043

0.21

Lags 0–1

0.9775

0.9769

0.9780

 < 0.05

1.0034

1.0028

1.0040

0.3

Lags 0–2

0.9756

0.9750

0.9762

 < 0.05

1.0025

1.0018

1.0032

0.48

Lags 0–3

0.9732

0.9726

0.9738

 < 0.05

1.0023

1.0015

1.0030

0.55

Lags 0–4

0.9711

0.9705

0.9718

 < 0.05

1.0024

1.0016

1.0032

0.56

2015

Lag 0

1.0257

1.0251

1.0262

 < 0.05

1.0080

1.0074

1.0086

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0262

1.0256

1.0268

 < 0.05

1.0077

1.0070

1.0084

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0248

1.0241

1.0254

 < 0.05

1.0070

1.0063

1.0077

0.06

Lags 0–3

1.0246

1.0239

1.0253

 < 0.05

1.0054

1.0047

1.0062

0.17

Lags 0–4

1.0277

1.0269

1.0285

 < 0.05

1.0063

1.0055

1.0072

0.14

2016

Lag 0

1.0261

1.0255

1.0267

 < 0.05

1.0107

1.0100

1.0113

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0302

1.0295

1.0309

 < 0.05

1.0106

1.0099

1.0114

< 0.05

Lags 0–2

1.0344

1.0336

1.0351

 < 0.05

1.0116

1.0108

1.0125

 < 0.05

Lags 0–3

1.0353

1.0345

1.0361

 < 0.05

1.0115

1.0106

1.0124

< 0.05

Lags 0–4

1.0333

1.0324

1.0342

 < 0.05

1.0098

1.0088

1.0107

< 0.05

Original and corrected estimates for interactions from Supplement I.

 

Old estimate

New estimate

Exposure

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

Estimate

2.5%

97.5%

p

2000

Lag 0

1.0093

1.0003

1.0185

0.84

1.0127

1.0028

1.0227

0.80

Lags 0–1

0.9539

0.9435

0.9644

0.40

0.9506

0.9392

0.9621

0.41

Lags 0–2

0.8877

0.8763

0.8992

0.07

0.8912

0.8785

0.9041

0.12

Lags 0–3

0.8555

0.8431

0.8682

 < 0.05

0.8743

0.8601

0.8889

0.11

Lags 0–4

0.8119

0.7987

0.8253

 < 0.05

0.8400

0.8246

0.8557

0.06

2001

Lag 0

1.0206

1.0132

1.0280

0.58

1.0262

1.0178

1.0346

0.54

Lags 0–1

1.0358

1.0272

1.0446

0.41

1.0482

1.0381

1.0584

0.34

Lags 0–2

1.0289

1.0192

1.0387

0.56

1.0418

1.0303

1.0534

0.47

Lags 0–3

1.0349

1.0241

1.0457

0.52

1.0398

1.0271

1.0527

0.53

Lags 0–4

1.0135

1.0021

1.0251

0.82

1.0164

1.0029

1.0301

0.81

2002

Lag 0

1.0415

1.0343

1.0488

0.25

1.0284

1.0206

1.0362

0.47

Lags 0–1

1.0618

1.0532

1.0704

0.15

1.0469

1.0376

1.0564

0.32

Lags 0–2

1.0774

1.0678

1.0872

0.10

1.0653

1.0547

1.0760

0.21

Lags 0–3

1.0574

1.0469

1.0680

0.27

1.0493

1.0378

1.0608

0.39

Lags 0–4

1.0259

1.0147

1.0372

0.65

1.0325

1.0201

1.0451

0.60

2003

Lag 0

1.0359

1.0283

1.0436

0.35

1.0578

1.0493

1.0663

0.17

Lags 0–1

1.0248

1.0158

1.0340

0.59

1.0630

1.0528

1.0733

0.22

Lags 0–2

1.0343

1.0237

1.0451

0.52

1.0781

1.0660

1.0904

0.19

Lags 0–3

1.0389

1.0269

1.0511

0.52

1.0832

1.0692

1.0974

0.23

Lags 0–4

1.0443

1.0311

1.0578

0.51

1.0648

1.0492

1.0806

0.40

2004

Lag 0

1.0119

1.0070

1.0167

0.63

1.0219

1.0167

1.0271

0.40

Lags 0–1

1.0274

1.0217

1.0331

0.34

1.0255

1.0194

1.0316

0.41

Lags 0–2

1.0143

1.0077

1.0209

0.67

1.0153

1.0083

1.0223

0.67

Lags 0–3

0.9966

0.9894

1.0040

0.93

1.0068

0.9990

1.0146

0.87

Lags 0–4

1.0059

0.9978

1.0141

0.89

1.0179

1.0092

1.0267

0.69

2005

Lag 0

1.0120

1.0075

1.0165

0.60

1.0236

1.0183

1.0288

0.37

Lags 0–1

1.0116

1.0065

1.0168

0.66

1.0334

1.0272

1.0395

0.28

Lags 0–2

1.0089

1.0031

1.0147

0.76

1.0364

1.0295

1.0434

0.30

Lags 0–3

1.0118

1.0054

1.0182

0.72

1.0402

1.0325

1.0479

0.30

Lags 0–4

1.0124

1.0055

1.0194

0.73

1.0431

1.0348

1.0514

0.30

2006

Lag 0

0.9948

0.9902

0.9994

0.83

0.9735

0.9686

0.9784

0.29

Lags 0–1

0.9852

0.9799

0.9905

0.59

0.9605

0.9548

0.9662

0.18

Lags 0–2

0.9720

0.9660

0.9781

0.37

0.9564

0.9499

0.9629

0.20

Lags 0–3

0.9730

0.9663

0.9797

0.44

0.9596

0.9523

0.9670

0.29

Lags 0–4

0.9799

0.9725

0.9873

0.60

0.9634

0.9553

0.9715

0.39

2007

Lag 0

0.9994

0.9967

1.0022

0.97

0.9989

0.9959

1.0018

0.94

Lags 0–1

0.9910

0.9878

0.9941

0.58

0.9949

0.9915

0.9983

0.77

Lags 0–2

0.9904

0.9868

0.9939

0.60

0.9946

0.9908

0.9984

0.78

Lags 0–3

0.9884

0.9844

0.9923

0.57

0.9937

0.9894

0.9979

0.77

Lags 0–4

0.9846

0.9803

0.9889

0.49

0.9950

0.9904

0.9997

0.83

2008

Lag 0

1.0107

1.0080

1.0135

0.44

1.0330

1.0299

1.0362

< 0.05

Lags 0–1

1.0070

1.0038

1.0101

0.66

1.0296

1.0260

1.0331

0.10

Lags 0–2

1.0062

1.0027

1.0097

0.73

1.0272

1.0232

1.0312

0.18

Lags 0–3

1.0026

0.9988

1.0065

0.89

1.0226

1.0182

1.0270

0.31

Lags 0–4

1.0005

0.9964

1.0047

0.98

1.0192

1.0144

1.0240

0.43

2009

Lag 0

1.0077

1.0052

1.0101

0.54

0.9918

0.9892

0.9945

0.55

Lags 0–1

1.0108

1.0080

1.0137

0.45

0.9882

0.9851

0.9913

0.45

Lags 0–2

1.0131

1.0099

1.0162

0.42

0.9873

0.9838

0.9907

0.47

Lags 0–3

1.0162

1.0128

1.0197

0.36

0.9861

0.9824

0.9899

0.48

Lags 0–4

1.0177

1.0140

1.0215

0.35

0.9797

0.9756

0.9838

0.33

2010

Lag 0

0.9817

0.9791

0.9844

0.18

0.9947

0.9919

0.9975

0.71

Lags 0–1

0.9703

0.9674

0.9732

 < 0.05

0.9812

0.9781

0.9843

0.24

Lags 0–2

0.9654

0.9623

0.9686

 < 0.05

0.9783

0.9749

0.9817

0.22

Lags 0–3

0.9632

0.9598

0.9667

 < 0.05

0.9778

0.9741

0.9815

0.25

Lags 0–4

0.9561

0.9524

0.9598

 < 0.05

0.9716

0.9676

0.9757

0.17

2011

Lag 0

1.0303

1.0274

1.0332

 < 0.05

1.0283

1.0252

1.0315

0.08

Lags 0–1

1.0182

1.0149

1.0215

0.27

1.0200

1.0164

1.0236

0.27

Lags 0–2

1.0074

1.0038

1.0111

0.69

1.0132

1.0092

1.0172

0.51

Lags 0–3

1.0092

1.0052

1.0133

0.65

1.0158

1.0114

1.0202

0.48

Lags 0–4

1.0116

1.0072

1.0160

0.60

1.0186

1.0137

1.0234

0.45

2012

Lag 0

1.0170

1.0142

1.0198

0.23

1.0058

1.0029

1.0088

0.70

Lags 0–1

1.0267

1.0236

1.0299

0.09

1.0137

1.0104

1.0170

0.41

Lags 0–2

1.0389

1.0354

1.0423

 < 0.05

1.0293

1.0256

1.0329

0.11

Lags 0–3

1.0430

1.0393

1.0468

 < 0.05

1.0338

1.0298

1.0378

0.09

Lags 0–4

1.0450

1.0409

1.0490

 < 0.05

1.0359

1.0316

1.0402

0.10

2013

Lag 0

0.9742

0.9713

0.9772

0.09

0.9900

0.9867

0.9934

0.57

Lags 0–1

0.9638

0.9604

0.9671

 < 0.05

0.9816

0.9778

0.9854

0.35

Lags 0–2

0.9661

0.9624

0.9697

0.07

0.9935

0.9893

0.9978

0.77

Lags 0–3

0.9654

0.9615

0.9694

0.09

0.9987

0.9940

1.0034

0.96

Lags 0–4

0.9676

0.9633

0.9719

0.14

1.0040

0.9989

1.0091

0.88

2014

Lag 0

1.0251

1.0217

1.0285

0.14

1.0152

1.0115

1.0188

0.41

Lags 0–1

1.0356

1.0318

1.0394

0.06

1.0171

1.0130

1.0214

0.42

Lags 0–2

1.0423

1.0381

1.0464

 < 0.05

1.0251

1.0204

1.0298

0.29

Lags 0–3

1.0377

1.0332

1.0422

0.09

1.0203

1.0152

1.0255

0.44

Lags 0–4

1.0493

1.0445

1.0541

 < 0.05

1.0338

1.0281

1.0395

0.24

2015

Lag 0

1.0060

1.0034

1.0086

0.65

1.0277

1.0247

1.0307

0.07

Lags 0–1

1.0075

1.0046

1.0105

0.62

1.0329

1.0294

1.0363

0.06

Lags 0–2

1.0052

1.0019

1.0085

0.76

1.0323

1.0284

1.0361

0.10

Lags 0–3

1.0061

1.0024

1.0098

0.75

1.0305

1.0263

1.0348

0.15

Lags 0–4

1.0094

1.0053

1.0135

0.65

1.0332

1.0286

1.0379

0.15

2016

Lag 0

1.0430

1.0388

1.0472

 < 0.05

1.0173

1.0128

1.0219

0.45

Lags 0–1

1.0267

1.0220

1.0314

0.25

1.0002

0.9952

1.0053

0.99

Lags 0–2

1.0262

1.0211

1.0313

0.31

0.9940

0.9885

0.9996

0.83

Lags 0–3

1.0282

1.0227

1.0337

0.31

0.9899

0.9840

0.9959

0.74

Lags 0–4

1.0328

1.0269

1.0388

0.27

0.9904

0.9840

0.9968

0.77

Reference

  1. Castro, et al. Modification of the PM2.5- and extreme heat-mortality relationships by historical redlining: A case-crossover study in thirteen U.S. states. Environ Health. 2024;23:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01055-5.

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Correspondence to Edgar Castro.

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Castro, E., Liu, A., Wei, Y. et al. Correction: Modification of the PM2.5- and extreme heat-mortality relationships by historical redlining: A case-crossover study in thirteen U.S. states. Environ Health 23, 34 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01072-4

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