Canadian Brain. The Burden of Neurological Diseases, Disorders and Injuries in Canada 2007. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/BND_e.pdf.
Google Scholar
Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Neurological diseases: mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(5):399.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Public Health Agency of Canada. Mapping Connections: An understanding of neurological conditions in Canada. 2014. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/mapping-connections-understanding-neurological-conditions.html.
Google Scholar
Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, Hébert R, Helliwell B, Hill GB, McDowell I. Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(5):445–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Carstairs S, Keon WJ. Canada's aging population: Seizing the opportunity: Special Senate Committee on Aging; 2009 [Available from: https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/402/agei/rep/agingfinalreport-e.pdf.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Neurological disorders: public health challenges: World Health Organization; 2006 [Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/neurological_disorders_report_web.pdf.
Google Scholar
Hof PR, Mobbs CV. Handbook of the neuroscience of aging: academic press; 2010.
Google Scholar
Driver JA, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Incidence and remaining lifetime risk of Parkinson disease in advanced age. Neurology. 2009;72(5):432–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Obler LK. Language and brain dysfunction in dementia: Elsevier; 1983. p. 267–82. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126356403500205
Google Scholar
Fick DM, Agostini JV, Inouye SK. Delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(10):1723–32.
Article
Google Scholar
Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Nomiyama K, Kawano H, Ueda K. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population the Hisayama study. Neurology. 1995;45(6):1161–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB, Kuslansky G, Katz MJ, Buschke H. Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-Alzheimer's dementia. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(22):1761–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Allan LM, Ballard CG, Burn DJ, Kenny RA. Prevalence and severity of gait disorders in Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's dementias. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10):1681–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Leibson CL, Rocca WA, Hanson V, Cha R, Kokmen E, O'brien P, Palumbo P. Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145(4):301–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(3):498–504.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Moulton PV, Yang W. Air pollution, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012:1–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Block ML, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(9):506–16.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen H, Kwong JC, Copes R, Tu K, Villeneuve PJ, Van Donkelaar A, Hystad P, Martin RV, Murray BJ, Jessiman B. Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2017;389(10070):718–26.
Article
Google Scholar
Oudin A, Forsberg B, Adolfsson AN, Lind N, Modig L, Nordin M, Nordin S, Adolfsson R, Nilsson L-G. Traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in northern Sweden: a longitudinal study. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;124(3):306–12.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Power MC, Weisskopf MG, Alexeeff SE, Coull BA, Spiro A III, Schwartz J. Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;119(5):682–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tzivian L, Dlugaj M, Winkler A, Weinmayr G, Hennig F, Fuks KB, Vossoughi M, Schikowski T, Weimar C, Erbel R. Long-term air pollution and traffic noise exposures and mild cognitive impairment in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(9):1361.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Schikowski T, Vossoughi M, Vierkötter A, Schulte T, Teichert T, Sugiri D, Fehsel K, Tzivian L, Bae I-S, Ranft U. Association of air pollution with cognitive functions and its modification by APOE gene variants in elderly women. Environ Res. 2015;142:10–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ranft U, Schikowski T, Sugiri D, Krutmann J, Krämer U. Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly. Environ Res. 2009;109(8):1004–11.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen J-C, Schwartz J. Neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollution on cognitive performance in US adults. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30(2):231–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tonne C, Elbaz A, Beevers S, Singh-Manoux A. Traffic-related air pollution in relation to cognitive function in older adults. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2014;25(5):674.
Article
Google Scholar
Chang K-H, Chang M-Y, Muo C-H, Wu T-N, Chen C-Y, Kao C-H. Increased risk of dementia in patients exposed to nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide: a population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103078.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gan WQ, McLean K, Brauer M, Chiarello SA, Davies HW. Modeling population exposure to community noise and air pollution in a large metropolitan area. Environ Res. 2012;116:11–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gan WQ, Davies Hugh W, Koehoorn M, Brauer M. Association of long-term exposure to community noise and traffic-related air pollution with coronary heart disease mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(9):898–906.
Article
Google Scholar
Gan W, Koehoorn M, Davies HW, Demers PA, Tamburic L, Brauer M. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:501–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Clark C, Sbihi H, Tamburic L, Brauer M, Frank LD, Davies HW. Association of long-term exposure to transportation noise and traffic-related air pollution with the incidence of diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(8)1–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Gan WQ, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C, Sadatsafavi M, Brauer M. Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):721–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Gan WQ, Tamburic L, Davies HW, Demers PA, Koehoorn M, Brauer M. Changes in residential proximity to road traffic and the risk of death from coronary heart disease. Epidemiology. 2010;21(5):642–9.
Allen RW, Davies H, Cohen MA, Mallach G, Kaufman JD, Adar SD. The spatial relationship between traffic-generated air pollution and noise in 2 US cities. Environ Res. 2009;109(3):334–42.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ross Z, Kheirbek I, Clougherty JE, Ito K, Matte T, Markowitz S, Eisl H. Noise, air pollutants and traffic: continuous measurement and correlation at a high-traffic location in New York City. Environ Res. 2011;111(8):1054–63.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Davies HW, Vlaanderen J, Henderson S, Brauer M. Correlation between co-exposures to noise and air pollution from traffic sources. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66(5):347–50.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Van den Berg M, Wendel-Vos W, Van Poppel M, Kemper H, Van Mechelen W, Maas J. Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Urban For Urban Green. 2015;14(4):806–16.
Article
Google Scholar
Dadvand P, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Esnaola M, Forns J, Basagaña X, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Rivas I, López-Vicente M, Pascual MDC, Su J. Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(26):7937–42.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wilker EH, Wu C-D, McNeely E, Mostofsky E, Spengler J, Wellenius GA, Mittleman MA. Green space and mortality following ischemic stroke. Environ Res. 2014;133:42–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dzhambov AM, Dimitrova DD. Green spaces and environmental noise perception. Urban For Urban Green. 2015;14(4):1000–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Chamberlayne R, Green B, Barer ML, Hertzman C, Lawrence WJ, Sheps SB. Creating a population-based linked health database: a new resource for health services research. Can J Public Health. 1998;89(4):270–3.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
British Columbia Ministry of Health. Medical services plan (MSP) Payment Information File. V2. Population Data BC. Data Extract. MOH (2011) 2011 [Available from: https://www.popdata.bc.ca/data/
Google Scholar
British Columbia Ministry of Health. Consolidation File (MSP Registration & Premium Billing). V2. Population Data BC. Data Extract. MOH (2011) 2011 [Available from: https://www.popdata.bc.ca/data/
Google Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. Discharge Abstract Database (Hospital Separations). V2: Population Data BC. Data Extract. MOH 2011 [Available from: https://www.popdata.bc.ca/data/
Google Scholar
British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency. Vital Statistics Deaths. V2. Population data. Data Extract. BC Vital statistics agency 2011 [Available from: http://www.popdata.bc.ca/data
Google Scholar
British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency. Vital Statistics Births. V2. Population data. Data Extract. BC Vital statistics agency 2011 [Available from: http://www.popdata.bc.ca/data
Google Scholar
CanMap DS. Streetfiles Markham: DMTI Spatial inc 2005 [Available from: https://www.dmtispatial.com/canmap/.
Google Scholar
Brauer M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Koehoorn M, Demers P, Karr C. A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(5):680.
Article
Google Scholar
Henderson SB, Beckerman B, Jerrett M, Brauer M. Application of land use regression to estimate long-term concentrations of traffic-related nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol. 2007;41(7):2422–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Larson T, Henderson SB, Brauer M. Mobile monitoring of particle light absorption coefficient in an urban area as a basis for land use regression. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(13):4672–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gan WQ, McLean K, Brauer M, Chiarello SA, Davies HW. Modeling population exposure to community noise and air pollution in a large metropolitan area. Environ Res. 2012;116:11–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen X-L, Zhao H-M, Li P-X, Yin Z-Y. Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes. Remote Sens Environ. 2006;104:133–46.
Article
Google Scholar
British Columbia Ministry of Health. PharmaNet. V2. BC Ministry of Health. Data Extract. Data Stewardship Committee (2011) 2011 [Available from: https://www.popdata.bc.ca/data/
Google Scholar
Widdifield J, Ivers NM, Young J, Green D, Jaakkimainen L, Butt DA, O’Connor P, Hollands S, Tu K. Development and validation of an administrative data algorithm to estimate the disease burden and epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Ontario, Canada. Mult Scler. 2015;21(8):1045–54.
Article
Google Scholar
Jaakkimainen RL, Bronskill SE, Tierney MC, Herrmann N, Green D, Young J, Ivers N, Butt D, Widdifield J, Tu K. Identification of physician-diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias in population-based administrative data: a validation study using family physicians’ electronic medical records. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;54(1):337–49.
Article
Google Scholar
Butt DA, Tu K, Young J, Green D, Wang M, Ivers N, Jaakkimainen L, Lam R, Guttman M. A validation study of administrative data algorithms to identify patients with parkinsonism with prevalence and incidence trends. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;43(1):28–37.
Article
Google Scholar
Marrie R, Yu N, Blanchard J, Leung S, Elliott L. The rising prevalence and changing age distribution of multiple sclerosis in Manitoba. Neurology. 2010;74(6):465–71.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Setton E, Hystad PW, Keller CP. Good Indicators of Traffic Volume? 2005 [Available from: http://web.uvic.ca/~ssrl01/SSRLtemp/SSL05-014-TRAFFIC.pdf
Google Scholar
Gan WQ, Tamburic L, Davies HW, Demers PA, Koehoorn M, Brauer M. Changes in residential proximity to road traffic and the risk of death from coronary heart disease. Epidemiology. 2010;42:642–9.
Article
Google Scholar
The Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium. ONLINE DATA CATALOGUE 2018 [Available from: https://canue.ca/data/.
Google Scholar
Brook JR, Setton EM, Seed E, Shooshtari M, Doiron D. The Canadian urban environmental Health Research consortium–a protocol for building a national environmental exposure data platform for integrated analyses of urban form and health. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):114.
Article
Google Scholar
CanMap Postal Code Suite. Markham: DMTI Spatial Inc; 2015.
Google Scholar
Boys B, Martin R, Van Donkelaar A, MacDonell R, Hsu N, Cooper M, Yantosca R, Lu Z, Streets D, Zhang Q. Fifteen-year global time series of satellite-derived fine particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(19):11109–18.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Spurr RJ, Burnett RT. High-resolution satellite-derived PM2. 5 from optimal estimation and geographically weighted regression over North America. Environ Scie Technol. 2015;49(17):10482–91.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Weichenthal S, Pinault LL, Burnett RT. Impact of oxidant gases on the relationship between outdoor fine particulate air pollution and nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16401.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hystad P, Setton E, Cervantes A, Poplawski K, Deschenes S, Brauer M, van Donkelaar A, Lamsal L, Martin R, Jerrett M. Creating national air pollution models for population exposure assessment in Canada. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(8):1123–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
NASA. Landsat Science: The Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus [updated July 18 2019. Available from: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/the-enhanced-thematic-mapper-plus/. Accessed 30 Sept 2019.
Pickup G, Chewings V, Nelson D. Estimating changes in vegetation cover over time in arid rangelands using Landsat MSS data. Remote Sens Environ. 1993;43(3):243–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Bradley BA, Jacob RW, Hermance JF, Mustard JF. A curve fitting procedure to derive inter-annual phenologies from time series of noisy satellite NDVI data. Remote Sens Environ. 2007;106(2):137–45.
Article
Google Scholar
Herrmann SM, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ. Recent trends in vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel and their relationship to climate. Glob Environ Chang. 2005;15(4):394–404.
Article
Google Scholar
Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, Fazio S, Kim H, Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(6):718–26.
Article
Google Scholar
Wirdefeldt K, Adami H-O, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26(1):1.
Article
Google Scholar
O’Gorman C, Lucas R, Taylor B. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a review with a focus on molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(9):11718–52.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Domínguez-Berjón F, Borrell C, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Pastor V. The usefulness of area-based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in health in southern Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2005;16(1):54–61.
Article
Google Scholar
SAS Institute. SAS 9.4. Cary, NC; 2015.
Google Scholar
Shin S, Burnett RT, Kwong JC, Hystad P, van Donkelaar A, Brook JR, Copes R, Tu K, Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ. Effects of ambient air pollution on incident Parkinson’s disease in Ontario, 2001 to 2013: a population-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):2038–48.
Article
Google Scholar
Jung C-R, Lin Y-T, Hwang B-F. Ozone, particulate matter, and newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;44(2):573–84.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kioumourtzoglou M-A, Schwartz JD, Weisskopf MG, Melly SJ, Wang Y, Dominici F, Zanobetti A. Long-term PM2. 5 exposure and neurological hospital admissions in the northeastern United States. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;124(1):23–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Bishop KC, Ketcham JD, Kuminoff NV. Hazed and confused: the effect of air pollution on dementia. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2018.
Book
Google Scholar
Ritz B, Lee P-C, Hansen J, Lassen CF, Ketzel M, Sørensen M, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Traffic-related air pollution and Parkinson’s disease in Denmark: a case–control study. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;124(3):351–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Toro R, Downward GS, van der Mark M, Brouwer M, Huss A, Peters S, Hoek G, Nijssen P, Mulleners WM, Sas A. Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: a matched case-control study in the Netherlands. Environ Int. 2019;129:28–34.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Andersson J, Oudin A, Sundström A, Forsberg B, Adolfsson R, Nordin M. Road traffic noise, air pollution, and risk of dementia–results from the Betula project. Environ Res. 2018;166:334–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Carey IM, Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Beevers SD, Cook DG, Strachan DP, Dajnak D, Gulliver J, Kelly FJ. Are noise and air pollution related to the incidence of dementia? A cohort study in London, England. BMJ Open. 2018;8(9):e022404.
Article
Google Scholar
Stansfeld S, Hygge S, Clark C, Alfred T. Night time aircraft noise exposure and children's cognitive performance. Noise Health. 2010;12(49):255.
Article
Google Scholar
Nutsford D, Pearson A, Kingham S. An ecological study investigating the association between access to urban green space and mental health. Public Health. 2013;127(11):1005–11.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Triguero-Mas M, Dadvand P, Cirach M, Martínez D, Medina A, Mompart A, Basagaña X, Gražulevičienė R, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms. Environ Int. 2015;77:35–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Sugiyama T, Leslie E, Giles-Corti B, Owen N. Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships? J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2008;62(5):e9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee AC, Maheswaran R. The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence. J Public Health. 2011;33(2):212–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ellis T, Motl RW. Physical activity behavior change in persons with neurologic disorders: overview and examples from Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2013;37(2):85–90.
Article
Google Scholar
Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Salim A, O'kearney R. Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(4):367–78.
Article
Google Scholar
Barratt B, Lee M, Wong P, Tang R, Tsui TH, Cheng W, Yang Y, Lai PC, Tian L, Thach TQ, Allen RW, Brauer M. A dynamic three-dimensional air pollution exposure model for Hong Kong. Boston, Massachusetts: Health Effects Institute 2018 [Available from: https://www.healtheffects.org/system/files/BarrattRR194_0.pdf.
Google Scholar